ebola epidemiological triangle

Spread to Nigeria and Senegal, CDC teams . A Level 3 grade constitutes a greater WHO role in the outbreak, particularly through an increase in resources, According to Cullinane and Park, Hundreds of people are dead as the worst Ebola virus outbreak in history sweeps through West Africa (Cullinane & Park, 2014, para. It has also been responsible for smaller outbreaks in the DRC since then. Originating in 1976 in equatorial Africa, past outbreaks with a few hundred cases had been contained within rural, forested areas in Uganda and Congo (Piot, 2012). TheZaire ebolavirus has a reported case fatality rate of up to 90% in previous outbreaks. 2022 Jun 29;10(3):e0221221. Wash hands often with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Unfortunately, aside from the Zaire ebolavirus, there is currently no data on the potential reservoirs of the other four Ebola virus species. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal This is the first FDA-approved vaccine for Ebola virus disease caused by one strain of the Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus). https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON351. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON328, 2021: the twelfth outbreak in the DRC started on February 7, 2021 in the North Kivu province and was declared over on May 3, 2021, with a total of 12 cases and 6 deaths (case fatality rate 50%). Example- HIV AIDS Agent HIV is a viral infection that targets a person's immune system, making it more vulnerable to other forms of infection. 1). , The WHO declares an outbreak is over when no confirmed or probable cases are detected for a period of 42 days (i.e., twice the maximum incubation period) since the last potential exposure to the last case occurred; however, WHO recommends heightened surveillance and response activities during the 42-day period and for at least 6 months after. 2012 Dec 28;7(12):e52986. The first cases of Ebola virus infection were reported in Zaire (now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo [DRC]) in 1976. Read about the Epidemiologic Triangle. This infection sparks a chain of events that can quickly transform a small illness into an epidemic. Kaur, Gurmeet and Sachdeva, Sandeep and Jha, Diwakar and Sulania, Anika, Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad (January 12, 2017). The exact source of Ebola infections remains an open question, and despite all the efforts, there remains a lack of clear indicators about the reservoir of the virus. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/31/world/africa/ebola-virus-outbreak-qa.html, In contrast to this, the Sudan ebolavirus has a lower case fatality rate of 39% to 65% in previous outbreaks, with the largest outbreak occurring in 2000 in Uganda (425 cases). Be sure the info you fill in Epidemiologic Triangle For Ebola is updated and correct. Characteristic burial ceremonies where mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased can also represent an important path of transmission. January 2023 [internet publication]. The West Africa Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus) outbreak is the largest in history with sustained transmission in multiple countries.Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia have been the most heavily affected. The Epidemiological Triangle is a model that scientists have developed to understand infectious diseases and how they spread is the Epidemiological Triangle. N Engl J Med. Contrasting academic and lay press print coverage of the 2013-2016 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak. (accessed May 01, 2023). and Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. The objective of this work is to study the evolution and progression of the epidemiological presentation profile of Ebola disease outbreaks since its discovery in 1976 to the present, and to explore the possible reasons for this evolution from different perspectives. National Library of Medicine Tasks: Review the Ebola materials assembled for you by a team of experts and then use what you've learned to create a strategy to stop the outbreak. <>>> Am J Trop Med Hyg. Many of these symptoms are also present with other more common diseases, such as malaria and typhoid fever. [32]World Health Organization. In June, MSF called for the WHO to increase its response. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON433. The opinions expressed here are the views of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of News Medical. 1 0 obj Retrospective observational study of 38 outbreaks of Ebola disease occurred from 1976 through 2019, excluding laboratory accidents. In Central Africa, for the last three years outbursts have been recognized every year, the most recent of which proceeded in the Republic of the Congo with the amount of victims more than 125, according to the World Health Organization (Ebola. The evolution of Ebola virus disease outbreaks. Kilgore PE, Grabenstein JD, Salim AM, Rybak M. Pharmacotherapy. Early reports of Ebola virus disease from Guinea, CDC field team deployed. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95. It is important to note that the airborne transmission of Ebola has not been documented, which is comparable to how other respiratory viruses such as the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are spread. Fields virology. Recent outbreaks. Healthcare workers, family, and friends in close contact with the diseased are at the highest risk of getting infected, due to close contact with blood or other bodily fluids. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com The virus was first discovered during an outbreak dated back to the year 1976. The triangle comprises three vertices: the agent (the cause of the infection), the host (disease reservoir), and the environment (extraneous factors) responsible for transmission (Kaur, Sachdeya, Jha, & Sulania, 2017). The epidemiological data detailing the number of Ebola cases is updated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Symptoms of EVD include fever, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, weakness, fatigue, sore throat, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal (stomach) pain, and, in some cases, unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising). [36]World Health Organization. Supportive care and management of complications are mainstays of treatment. % The Epidemiological Presentation Pattern of Ebola Virus Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, Centre for Research on Health Care in Disasters, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X20000333, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Michaels-Strasser et al. Thankfully, the US does not have to go through the effects of living in an Ebola epidemic because of the certain precautions taken when a case arise and the steps taken further for primary and secondary prevention. <> By clicking "Allow All" you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, The review was undertaken using the key words epidemiology, public health, outbreak control of Ebola virus, EVD, emerging disease, and/or pandemic disease through medical search engines and abstracting databases such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and websites of international health agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Direct comparison of case fatality rates between different Ebola treatment centers and outbreaks should be interpreted with caution as many variables can introduce bias and skew even large cohort data. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052986 January 2023 [internet publication]. 2017 Jun 22;12(6):e0179356. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x/full You will use the example of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in describing the three vertices (corners) of the Epidemiologic Triangle. 2021. A directory of local health departments is located at, Visit the VDH website that contains information on Ebola virus disease at, Visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at. This was the first outbreak caused bySudan ebolavirus in Uganda since 2012.[29]World Health Organization. xZn8} F p/L/vd1-DqloUQLSUbW`W|53Ug?HqP2! falling to 31.5% in some treatment centers in West Africa,[27]Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Idris M, et al. Feb 2021 [internet publication]. Originally, Ebola had never touched the United States until September of 2014. Slowing the, Ebola virus (EBOV) is considered to be one of the most belligerent contagious agents and has an ability to cause highly fatal hemorrhagic fever syndrome that results in human and non-human primates death (NHPs) during the days of exposure. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Once in humans, Ebola can spread efficiently in the community through human-to-human transmission. In his spare time, Tomislav is a movie buff and an avid traveler. On March 25, 2014 the World Health Organization(WHO) announced the outbreak of a new strain of the Ebola virus disease with 86 suspected cases[15]. Wear protective clothing and follow infection control recommendations when caring for an infected person. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. pp. 1 0 obj Would you like email updates of new search results? https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/31/world/africa/ebola-virus-outbreak-qa.html. More info. Ebola virus disease Guinea. PMC (2021, March 28). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Apes, humans, and possibly other mammalian species susceptible to Ebola infection are regarded as the end hosts, and not as the reservoirs of infection. The virus obtained its name from the Ebola River in Africa. Disclaimer. If EVD is suspected based on the persons symptoms and exposure to Ebola virus, such as having close contact with an Ebola-infected person, he or she should be isolated (separated from other people) immediately and the local health department should be notified. Nat Rev Dis Primers. Mar 2020 [internet publication]. When an infectious agent persists, or when it infects a greater number of people or in a larger area than expected, this is referred to as an outbreak or epidemic. However, bats are frequent residents in equatorial Africa, where they are even hunted for food. This could explain the sporadic nature of infection and periodical outbreaks of this disease in Africa. There were scant resources, limited infrastructure, poor training on infection prevention and control and a severe shortage of health care workers with a ratio of 1.9 workers for every 10,000 people. A "mysterious" disease began silently spreading in a small village in Guinea on 26 December 2013 but was not identified as Ebola until 21 March 2014. It was observed that the level of uncertainty for the estimations is relatively high which may hinder to make some predictions for the future evolution of EVD outbreak. Various objects (for example needles and syringes) contaminated with infected bodily fluids represent a threat as well; therefore, they should be properly sterilized. Accessibility World Health Organization. https://www.cdc.gov/amd/stories/ebola.html. May 2021 [internet publication]. Although observed modes of transmission mainly include direct contact and contaminated staff, high case fatality ratio and frequent contacts among individuals in developed countries are among determinants which may lead to the development of the EVD outbreak. From this point onward, constant updates have been documented, and until the end of November 2014 the condition grew in number and prevalence[7]. The Ebola outbreak. Clin Microbiol Infect. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The Ebola virus disease is an epidemic that has returned to claim more lives than one can count. Feb 2021 [internet publication]. Disease outbreak news. National Library of Medicine Today, we know that in total, over 11,000 people lost their lives ("Previous case counts", 2016). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com The site is secure. Ebola virus disease Guinea. An official website of the United States government. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help } https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/ebola-virus-disease-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-draft, 2018-2020: the worlds second largest outbreak in the north Kivu and Ituri provinces of the DRC in 2018 was declared over on June 25, 2020, with a total of 3481 cases and 2299 deaths (case fatality rate 66%). Spread of the potential health crisis known as Ebola can be decelerated by understanding it, learning how to treat it, and quarantining. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Here we review key epidemiological data from past Ebola outbreaks and carry out a comparative . It is transmitted by means of contact with infected blood, mucous membranes, semen and other secretions, therefore being skin lesions and sexual contact significant ways of transmission (Boulton, 2014). The first presumed fatality was in Guinea in December 2013 [], and the first cases in Sierra Leone were detected in May 2014 [].Initial transmissions in Sierra Leone were concentrated . 7t-P?xBwP%|byhU3F{7Ou6 `yl9]#| %P=mYRKQ>SZU,?z66.G\hT@w}vt*P -9AcJ"guP". 6TU*tV[Nw ~MqO\ !x0[".1@CIkeRq&g85Htl@(_%F 1$`(:6R.||w,(Q_N\`pn/ n (CGCM]/NT`Z`Dl''#m@J?IdC!Gk,2R@:IEgs1:bT S-4IkmYi)k4Ng4q>@MaQ$ Image Credit: Valeniker / Shutterstock.com. Ebola outbreaks with the Zaire and Ta Forest ebolaviruses have been observed in gorillas and chimpanzees since 1994. There is no FDA-authorized treatment for the three other strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people. January 2023 [internet publication]. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: Metrovi, Tomislav. The best way to understand the epidemiologic triangle is to see how epidemiologists use it to explain the spread of existing diseases. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multiorgan failure and severe bleeding complications. It also notified WHO labs across Africa to prepare to diagnose cases. Accessibility doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179356. and The first drug, approved in October 2020, Inmazeb, is a combination of three monoclonal antibodies. An increase in the frequency of EVD outbreaks across decades was Dec 2021 [internet publication]. WHO Ebola Response Team. jR06%oX^qTOHYs"F$+QI$G&Eem]Km^a*S3sFcz_ 1&. stream As the chart below displays, 71% of the people infected died as a result of Ebola during this first outbreak (Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 56 (2): 247-270, 1978). New York Times. Ebola virus then spreads from person to person through direct contact with blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from EVD. [4]Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. Is there an association between the consumption of ultra-processed food and adverse microbiota-gut-brain axis implications? In this interview conducted at Pittcon 2023 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, we spoke to Dr. Chad Merkin, Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology, about his work developing next-generation nanomaterials for medical applications. Disease outbreak news: Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Understanding the Role of Epigenetics in Cancer, Understanding Chronic Cough: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis, Circumcised vs. Uncircumcised; Differences in the Penile Microbiome, Obesity management: a women's health approach, AI analysis software for Zebrafish you must know, Excessive digital technology use is associated with reduced sleep quality regardless of environmental and genetic factors, study finds, Activating well-being goals in grocery stores: innovative strategies for encouraging healthy food purchases. analyse site usage and support us in providing free open access scientific content. Ebola virus disease fact sheet. with these terms and conditions. From nanoparticle-based enrichment to mass spec refinements, they explore how these tools facilitate unbiased, deep, and rapid proteomics. %PDF-1.5 https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-recommended-criteria-for-declaring-the-end-of-the-ebola-virus-disease-outbreak. Disease outbreak news. Special laboratory tests of the blood are needed to confirm the diagnosis of EVD. Care of people with Ebola is difficult and varied due to the highly infectious and often fatal nature of the disease. https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/Ebola-2019-drc-. Do ketogenic diets elevate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels? Dr. Tomislav Metrovi is a medical doctor (MD) with a Ph.D. in biomedical and health sciences, specialist in the field of clinical microbiology, and an Assistant Professor at Croatia's youngest university - University North. Symptoms of EVD include fever, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, weakness, fatigue, sore throat, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal (stomach) pain, and, in some cases, unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising). World Health Organization. Ebola disease caused by Sudan ebolavirus Uganda. stream Ebola Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention Authors Emanuele Nicastri 1 , Gary Kobinger 2 , Francesco Vairo 1 , Chiara Montaldo 1 , Leonard E G Mboera 3 , Rashid Ansunama 4 , Alimuddin Zumla 5 , Giuseppe Ippolito 6 Affiliations Medecins Sans Frontiers (2014) says, It is a highly infectious virus that can kill up to 90 percent of the people who catch it (Ebola Emergency, n.d.). The virus first transmitted to humans from wild animals and spread even more to the human race by close contact. If you have concerns about EVD, contact your healthcare provider. endobj Nov 2020[internet publication]. CDC's Response to Ebola: March 2014-July 2015. There are always new cases of Ebola arises in different parts of Africa and it still continues to be a threat, Every illness begins at a single source that can rapidly spread to susceptible individuals who are completely unaware of what is occurring before them. endobj It was the third outbreak in the province in the last four years. [24]Report of an International Commission. Emerg Infect Dis. In more effectively reporting suspected cases, Ebola response teams are better able to promptly follow-up, transfer to isolation centers, and assess the scope of the epidemic (Matua, Van der Wal, & Locsin. Contact Tracing: Barriers and Facilitators. Careers. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539447?tool=bestpractice.com As the prevalence of Ebola grew, the WHO maintained contact with its regional offices in West Africa. Ebola has been slowly dying down but has not totally been wiped out. There have been differences (P = .04) between the outbreaks produced by the Sudan and Zaire strains of the virus, both in terms of duration and case fatality ratio (Sudan strain 74.5 days on average and 62.7% of case fatality ratio versus Zaire strain with 150 days on average and 55.4% case fatality ratio). [34]World Health Organization. Jul 2020 [internet publication]. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. [31]World Health Organization. January 2015 [internet publication]. Historically Ebola has had a serious impact on human health and hygiene and still does due to the fact of no vaccine or treatment being discovered, but thanks to improvements in scientific and medical knowledge the virus itself is now controllable. What are the benefits of exercise on cardiovascular health? Ding, Yu Populations at risk have increased (P = .024) and the geographical extent of Ebola outbreaks has grown (P = .004). General introduction into the Ebola virus biology and disease. No additional confirmed or probable cases were identified, and the outbreak was declared over on September 27, 2022. As the Ebola virus in the reservoir might present in a subclinical or asymptomatic way, there is a possibility of sporadic activation via appropriate stimuli such as stress, changes in food patterns, or infection with other pathogens, which has been demonstrated in experimental conditions.

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