electrical conductivity of propylene glycol water mixture

For 1.0% and a Reynolds number of 1454.4, the thermal performance factor is increased by 1.194-times above the basic fluid. The as-obtained LAGP thin film also possessed a high ionic conductivity of 2 10 5 S cm 1 at 25 C and a low electronic conductivity value of 1.1 10 9 S cm 1. The thermal conductivity results here reported can be compared with those previously published by Sundar et al. Reynolds numbers were in the range 10100 and fluid inlet temperatures ranged from 5 to 40C. Similarly, at 1.0vol% and Reynolds number of 2702, the thermal entropy generation is dropped by 38.12%, frictional entropy generation is raised by 12.86%, exergy efficiency is enhanced by 36.48% and thermal performance factor is augmented by 1.2094 times over the base fluid. Group method of data handling (GMDH) and gene expression programming (GEP) as two white-box powerful models were used for modeling. There have been numerous investigations of nanodiamond-nanofluid systems with many suggesting that considerable property enhancements, e.g., increased thermal conductivity, might be possible. This study recommends that the volume concentration of Fe3O4/60:40%W+EG nanofluid should not exceed volume concentration of 1.0% because the added benefit of working with concentrations higher than 1.0vol% may not outweigh the added cost and complexities of the nanofluid. Different weight or mass ratios of ethylene glycol/water (EG/W) or propylene glycol/water (PG/W) fluids are commonly used as engine coolants for automobile radiators and also used as coolant for electronic equipments, heating industrial and residential buildings in the cold countries of the world such as Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe and Russia, because of its low freezing point i.e. The hybrid nanofluid presents intermediate values between those of the mono nanofluids for all the properties except dynamic viscosity. BNNBs are allotrope composites composed of boron nitride nanotube cores with walls decorated with attached hexagonal boron nitride crystals, creating a jagged morphology that facilitates the formation of a connected network and contributes to the enhancement of thermal conductivity in nanofluids. 0000000016 00000 n The results showed that BNNBs enhanced thermal conductivity of carrier fluids up to 45%, and the enhancement was proportional to the concentration of BNNBs in the carrier fluid. Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA Based on the above methods the acid treatment method is more effective compared to other salt and sucrose methods. [15] observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 12% at 0.9vol.% of nanodiamond (ND)-poly (glycidol) polymer brush/EG nanofluids, similarly observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 11% at 1.0vol.% of ND.oleic acid/mineral oil nanofluids. The values of Ck and C for all the volume concentrations and, The purchased UDD powders were successfully treated using strong acids, dry powders of salt and sucrose to remove carbon impurities. Branson et al. Similarly, the viscosity enhancements are 1.55-times, 1.50-times and 1.66-times for the same 1.0vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids at a temperature of 60C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. This study reports a nanofluid that achieves long-term stability without any additives. [25], [26] also prepared 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% EG/W based Fe3O4 nanofluids and measured both thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. Vajjha and Das [24] also prepared 60:40% (weight ratio) of EG/W based Al2O3, CuO and ZnO nanofluids and measured thermal conductivity up to 10.0vol.%. The main advantages of this measurement technique are short measurement times, easy sample preparation and high accuracy. Based on the results, the thermal conductivity enhancements are 18.8%, 16.8% and 14.1% at 1.0vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids. 1000W/mK and Young's modulus, high electrical resistivity, attractive optical characteristics, and excellent chemical stability and biocompatibility. <50C [21]. [27] prepared PG based Al2O3 nanofluids and estimated viscosity experimentally and proposed viscosity model. Webviscosity, a relatively high specific heat and thermal conductivity, as well as good mixing with water and alcohols cause the ethylene glycol to be widely used in practice [13]. The thermodynamic, heat transfer and thermal performance factor were analyzed experimentally at different particle volume loadings of water+ethylene glycol mixture based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids flow in a shell and helical coiled tube heat exchanger. The different weight ratios of propylene glycol/water mixtures are used as base. At 1.0vol% of nanofluid and a Reynolds number of 1454.4 in comparison to the base fluid, the Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient are boosted by 29.43%, 45.01%, and a friction factor penalty of 27.59%, respectively. The peak near 1630cm1 represents the OH bending of physically adsorbed water and the hydrogen, Since the literature does not report for the thermal conductivity ratios of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W nanofluids, in Fig. 0000086902 00000 n Appl. The other chemicals such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), sucrose (C12H22O11) and propylene glycol (C3H8O2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, USA. Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. The low freezing point of water (below 0C) may be achieved by adding different ratios of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, so that the EG/W or PG/W fluid can operate up to 50C without any difficult [22]. The Wilson plot method is used to analyze the helical coil side heat transfer coefficients. 181-190, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 129, 2019, pp. However, the penalty in friction factor and pressure drop is 17.28% and 14.24% under the same Reynolds number and 1.0vol% nanofluid over the base fluid. The PG/W nanofluids are prepared with acid treated ND particles. 0000002335 00000 n Prediction of electrical conductivity of TiO 2 water and ethylene glycol-based nanofluids for cooling application in low temperature PEM fuel cells. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 0000125049 00000 n Nanoscale, 2023, Advance Article 108-65-6) Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (DPM; CAS No. The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of nanodiamond was analyzed by FTIR. 0000142997 00000 n 115-123, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 76, 2016, pp. The authors would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) for the funding of the present research work through the grant no: PTDC/EME-MFE/105031/2008 (ACMS) and UID/EMS/00481/2013 (TEMA/DEM). WebMaintains low electrical conductivity Uses proprietary non-ionic corrosion inhibitor formulation with years of research Can be used with Formulation: Propylene Glycol, The Raman, XRD and TEM analysis are also used on UDD and ND-acid treated nanoparticles. In addition, both cutting efficiency and slab flatness were recorded. 0000073108 00000 n An enhancement of thermal conductivity with respect to temperature and volumetric concentration is found, as expected. WebUsing the results for propylene glycol/water with corrosion inhibitor and nanoparticles, for over 3,000 hours of operation, the conductivity of the solution would have gone up to about 27 mS/cm-hr. [20] obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 17.23% for ND/EG nanofluid at 1.0vol.% at a temperature of 30C. . FPx[[cu/Ajl22jw+x{5DD93o9$C y6q`xTu/~:'KY'Nf700zGRb9 cyI/ dk'Cw JO|i%H_o]*2?h1tz{]uhD5:h;)[.2sQvW |ZHcv7Qcr9]Ee5c w?a%2b5XATC3{d^Tzt h-!T`EH|}'EPj:]vRFl_/ uoDG0x5zUK;EI[".WzVkE=*j\2U]O sh`5 In addition, the models for estimating the viscosity and thermal conductivity of N-CQDs nanofluids are proposed, respectively. The commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders of an average size of 0.12.0m have been used by Dolmatov [2] for the preparation of ND nanofluids, but he faced serious agglomeration problem with UDD powders in the base fluid. The carbon impurities present in the UDD powders is removed with strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make them into single ND crystals. WebBNNBs exhibit high thermal conductivity due to efficient phonon transfer and they are electrical insulators owing to their wide bandgap. Yu et al. Measuring glycol concentrations by electrical conductivity is not recommended, especially in process systems, heat exchangers, etc. The quality of It has been shown that water is the best solar energy absorbance among four fluids including water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, Zeta potential is a measure of the electric potential difference between the surface of a particle and the surrounding fluid. Under constant heat flux conditions, ZnOPG nanofluids exhibited linear increase in heat removal rates with increasing nanoparticle concentration. A shell and helically coil heat exchanger (SCHE) is used to experimentally investigate the performance of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid as a coolant. WebPropylene glycol is a colourless liquid that is relatively viscous, has no odour, and tastes slightly sweet. Our results indicate that the surfactant-free, ZnOPG nanofluids behave like liquid coolants but with improved thermal conductivity and specific heat and hence suitable for energy management. Therefore, there is no literature on the thermal properties of PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids. The electrical conductivity of glycol mixtures within the range of In this particular system we are using an expansion tank with a bladder, so we don't have a make-up pump. The frictional exergy destruction is found to contribute together with heat transfer exergy destruction to the total entropy of the SCHE system. 5. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectra was also performed on acid treated ND particles. This paper investigates the significance of some micro scaling effects in micro-channel absorber plates. [34] for Al2O3/PG and TiO2/PG nanofluids. Diamond circular saws and diamond wire saws present some technological limits, and the marble frame saw cannot process granite by now. A binary mixture of propylene glycol and water at 20:80 mass ratio offers protection against freezing up to 265.98 K [13], making it suitable as a heat transfer fluid One of the authors (L.S.S.) They obtained increases of 10.4% and 9.9% for 0.5 vol% concentration of Fe3O4 [14] and 1 vol% concentration of nanodiamonds [15] at 293.15 K, respectively. 499-508, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 96, 2015, pp. Scaling effects such as viscous dissipation and entrance effects had insignificant impact on the measured average Nusselt number. New thermal conductivity and viscosity correlations have been developed based on the experimental data. 0000033853 00000 n Conductivity is also affected by temperature: the warmer the water, the higher the conductivity. An enhancement of 4.24% in heat transfer rate was observed with 2vol.% ZnOPG nanofluid. Please enable JavaScript The optimized method for purifying the UDD powders is established. The results of proposed models were compared to 23 well-known theoretical and empirical models. WebPropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (PM; CAS No. [27] analysis.knfkbf=1+Cknfbf=1+Cwhere, is the volume concentration, Ck and C are the thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancement coefficients. I always eqip the system with a 2" hose connection with check valve so the contractor can use a pump to fill the system those glycol feeders The purification of UDD powders is important for achieving good stable nanofluids. Using propylene glycol (PG) without any dispersants as a salt-free medium, we measure the electrical conductivities of 20, 40, and 60 nm diameter ZnO nanoparticle dispersions up to 7% volume fraction, applying Ohshima's model to determine the limiting ionic conductance of the system. Nanofluid preparation and characterization Nanofluid preparation The exergy efficiency of the SCHE can be increased by 21% using 1.0vol% of nanofluid, but the improvement becomes modest as the volume concentration is increased further. 1123-1135, Experimental thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanodiamond-based propylene glycol and water mixtures, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2016.07.007, nm can be produced in large quantity by using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. These values are significantly larger than that of the marble frame saw. in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) Download : Download high-res image (216KB)Download : Download full-size image. The carbon impurities present in the UDD powders have been removed using mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. The eccentric hinge guide mechanism facilitates the formation of both matrix tails on the segments and a group of more new micro cutting edges, which improve diamond stability as well as self-sharpening. If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures Forced convection experiments were performed on an instrumented metal plate with micro-channels. The present work focused on the preparation of different weight ratio of PG/W (20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40%) mixture based ND nanofluids and the estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. The ultra-sonication technique was employed for preparing the mixture and results showed that the stability and thermal conductivity enhancements of Al2O3H2O nanofluids are highly dependent on sonication time and the energy supplied to the fluid for its preparation. Naik and Sundar [28] prepared 30:70% PG/W based CuO nanofluid and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. However, those results have not been collectively compared or discussed. The results show that the contact area between the blade and granite is not following a straight line, and the time required for stone sawing is only one half of the full sawing cycle. startxref [16] prepared 20% of water and 50% of engine oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 25% at 1.0wt.% Taha-Tijerina et al. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were investigated experimentally, whereas the density and specific heat were estimated theoretically. Another method for removing the carbon impurities from the UDD powders is with dry salt or dry sucrose [10]. Further to cme's statement, the injection pump for the feed can be alarmed to allow the user know that there may be a system leak. See the follo The viscosity of N-CQDs nanofluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid. The stable ND nanofluids were prepared by considering 60:40% water+ethylene glycol (weight percentage) mixture as base fluid and the experiments were performed at particle loadings ranging from 0.2% to 1.0% and the Reynolds number ranging from 900 to 4800, respectively. [34], in which the nanofluids prepared in pure PG have lower thermal conductivity enhancement than that of. Webconductivity. Interactions between spherical and sheet-like nanoparticles explain this behaviour. You do not have JavaScript enabled. The ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders were purchased from International Technology Centre, USA (http://www.itc-inc.org) with the following specifications: 98% purity, 510nm particle core size, cubic shape, grey color, 300400m2/g specific surface area. The results are beneficial for the design and operation of micro-channel absorber plates. [19] obtained viscosity enhancement of 80% for midel oil based ND nanofluids at 3.0wt.%. 0000000918 00000 n 0000002234 00000 n 180 30 All were assigned as low priority for further work. Tyler et al. Annual production of propylene glycol in The earlier works reveals the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of PG/W mixture based Al2O3, CuO, and Fe3O4 nanofluids. endstream endobj 181 0 obj<. Copyright Clearance Center request page. The heat transfer applications of prepared ND nanofluids in a fully developed laminar flow (Reynolds number, Re<2300) can be evaluated based on the Prasher et al. [30] also prepared 20:80%, 40:60% PG/W based Fe3O4 nanofluids and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. Sundar et al. %PDF-1.6 % There are different methods to purify the UDD powders. It was observed that the position of the thermocouples can result in an under-estimation of the Nusselt number. [17] prepared mineral oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 70% at 0.1wt.%. 0000089466 00000 n Substance and % by volume in mixture: Minimal working temperature [o C] of nanofluid, the exergy efficiency is 22.97%, while for ethylene glycol, it is 6.78%. Thus, the new prototype machine is suitable for sawing granite. 0000086285 00000 n 34590-94-8 isomeric mixture and 20324-32-7 major isomer) PM and PMA were reviewed at SIAM 11 and DPM was reviewed at SIAM 12. A detailed procedure is presented for the implementation and evaluation, by Nano-Flash Method, of thermal conductivity of nanofluids with water as base fluid and at different volume concentrations of Al2O3. This study investigates the potential of composite allotrope boron nitride nanobarbs (BNNBs) as nanoparticles for enhancing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids based on mixtures of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol with water.

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