how many bales of cotton were produced in 1860

Following the Civil War and the abolition of slavery in the United States, the boll weevil, a pest from Mexico, began to spread across the United States, affecting yields drastically as it moved east. In 1857, seventy-five percent of Connecticut voters elected to deny suffrage to African Americans, and even after the Civil War, voters there again denied Black male residents the right to vote. The Souths dependence on cotton was matched by its dependence on slaves to harvest the cotton. New York's poor Black population was effectively disfranchised. Economics When war broke out, the Confederates refused to allow the export of cotton to Europe. Show sources information The module is covered with a polyethelene tarpaulin and marked for field identification with a harmless spray. Cotton was first grown in Texas by Spanish missionaries. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 1986, North, Douglass C. Economic Growth of the United States: 1790-1860. By 1860, Georgia alone produced 701,840 bales of cotton, establishing it as the fourth-largest cotton-growing state. In the antebellum erathat is, in the years before the Civil WarAmerican planters in the South continued to grow Chesapeake tobacco and Carolina rice as they had in the colonial era. [9] Plantation owners brought mass supplies of labor (slaves) from Africa and the Caribbean to hoe and harvest the crop. The next most important importer is Mexico, with about 18%, a figure which has been broadly stable, and then the Dominican Republic, although exports have declined as a proportion of the total in recent years. Left: Acres of upland cotton harvested as a percent of harvested cropland acreage (2007). d. The slaves had to be watched to keep them from running away. These bales, weighing about four hundred to five hundred pounds, were wrapped in burlap cloth and sent down the Mississippi River. One bale of cotton is about 500 pounds. The highest acreage recorded was in 1930 (4.163 million acres); the highest production year was 1937 (2.692 million bales produced over 3.421 million acres); the highest cotton yields were in 2004 (1034 pounds of lint produced per acre).[39]. The method also broke off bolls, leaves, and sticks and mixed them in the fiber. This economic growth exacted a severe and tragic human price through slavery and the prejudicial treatment of free Black people. A demand for it already existed in the industrial textile mills in Great Britain, and in time, a steady stream of slave-grown American cotton would also supply northern textile mills. An overseer or master measured each individual slaves daily yield. After emancipation, African Americans were still identified with cotton production. Not only were the fibers sold, but also the cottonseed was crushed for cooking oil, hulls were converted to cattle feed, and portions of the plant were used to make an early type of plastic. b. Cotton, however, emerged as the antebellum Souths major commercial crop, eclipsing tobacco, rice, and sugar in economic importance. It has been estimated that New York received forty percent of all cotton revenues since the city supplied insurance, shipping, and financing services and New York merchants sold goods to Southern planters. [8] This also ushered the slave trade to meet the growing need for labor to grow cotton[citation needed], a labor-intensive crop and a cash crop of immense economic worth[citation needed]. By the early 1900s, the botanist Thomas Henry Kearney (18741956) created a long staple cotton which was named Pima after the Indians who grew it. [38] Cotton is a major crop in Mississippi with approximately 1.1 million acres planted each year. E. A. Miller. This statistic is not included in your account. This astonishing increase in supply did not cause a long-term decrease in the price of cotton. According to the University of Missouri, cotton production per acreage in this state peaked in the 1953 and decreased to its lowest point in 1967. The first half of the nineteenth century saw a market revolution in the United States, one in which industrialization brought changes to both the production and the consumption of goods. [14][15], The United States, observed in 1940 that "many thousands of black cotton farmers each year now go to the polls, stand in line with their white neighbors, and mark their ballots independently without protest or intimidation, in order to determine government policy toward cotton production control. It was produced on more than forty percent of the state's improved farmland and provided the basis of the state's economy and the tenancy system. Karen G. Britton, Bale o' Cotton (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1992). In 1852 Texas was in eighth place among the top ten cotton-producing states of the nation. On September 25, 1961, Herbert Lee, a black cotton farmer and voter-registration organizer, was shot in the head and killed by white state legislator E. H. Hurst in Liberty, Mississippi. [37], From 1817, when it became a state, to 1860 Mississippi was the largest cotton-producing state in the United States. This socially enforced debt peonage, known as the crop-lien system, began after the Civil War and continued in practice until the 1930s. Connecticuts Roger Sherman, one of the delegates who brokered the slavery compromise, assumed that the evil of slavery was dying out and would by degrees disappear. He also thought that it was best to let the individual states decide about the legality of slavery. We'll send you a couple of emails per month, filled with fascinating history facts that you can share with your friends. Missouri soil allows for the growth of upland cotton with the average bale weighing approximately five hundred pounds. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. Sometimes the cotton was dried before it was ginned (put through the process of separating the seeds from the cotton fiber). West Texas farmers usually plant a smaller quantity of seed per acre than East Texas growers. The two companies represented investors or speculators from New York, Boston, and other New Englanders. "Cotton Production in The U.S. from 2001 to 2022 (in 1,000 Bales)*. In 1879 some 2,178,435 acres produced 805,284 bales. In addition to dominating the slave trade, New York denied voting rights to its small free Black population, which comprised only one percent of the population. Cotton culture is now characterized by fewer but larger farms, fewer farmworkers and increased use of machines, widespread irrigation, better pest and weed control methods, alterations to the cotton plant that make it easier to harvest mechanically, and greater cooperation among farmers for marketing. Only Mississippi (1,195,699 bales), Alabama (997,978 bales) and Louisiana (722,218 bales) produced more cotton. [7] The Hopson Planting Company produced the first crop of cotton to be entirely planted, harvested, and baled by machinery in 1944. The California cotton industry provides more than 20,000 jobs in the state and generates revenues in excess of $3.5 billion annually. We are a community-supported, non-profit organization and we humbly ask for your support because the careful and accurate recording of our history has never been more important. "The rise of the cotton industry in California: A comparative perspective. [citation needed] Texas produces approximately 25% of the country's cotton crop on more than 6 million acres, the equivalent of over 9,000 square miles (23,000km2) of cotton fields. [7] The Hopson Planting Company produced the first crop of cotton to be entirely planted, harvested, and baled by machinery in 1944. Thus, the market revolution transformed the South just as it had other regions. As early as 1813, nitrocellulose, or gun cotton, for explosives was made from raw cotton. [40], The top four upland cotton producing counties in Missouri are New Madrid (197,000 bales in 2016), Dunklin (171,200 bales in 2016), Stoddard (110,000 bales in 2016), and Pemiscot (72,000 bales in 2016). Profit from the additional features of your individual account. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). Mississippi was, therefore, both a captive of the cotton world and a major player in the 19th century global economy. Virginia and Maryland therefore took the lead in the domestic slave trade, the trading of slaves within the borders of the United States. [25] The average price was $0.58 per pound. During the baling process a sample is automatically removed. Petit Gulf cotton grew extremely well in different soils and climates. [43], Missouri grows upland cotton, and cottonseed, which is a valuable livestock feed. Cotton should be harvested as early as possible because profits are often greatly reduced by allowing the open cotton to be exposed to the wind and rain. Increasingly often, however, high-volume instrument classing occurs at offices near the gins. Southern capitalists sank money into cotton rather than factories or land. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). There was little . Although the Jeffersonian vision of the settlement of new U.S. territories entailed white yeoman farmers single-handedly carving out small independent farms, the reality proved quite different. [36], In the late 19th and early 20th century, federal agricultural engineers worked in the Arizona Territory on an experimental farm in Sacaton. The abolition of the foreign slave trade in 1807 led to _______. Westward Expansion, 1840-1900, Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business, 1870-1900, The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900, Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920, Age of Empire: American Foreign Policy, 1890-1914, The Jazz Age: Redefining the Nation, 1919-1929, Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? accessed May 01, 2023, Cotton in a Global Economy: Mississippi (1800-1860). All told, the movement of slaves in the South made up one of the largest forced internal migrations in the United States. [23] In South Carolina, Williamsburg County production fell from 37,000 bales in 1920 to 2,700 bales in 1922 and one farmer in McCormick County produced 65 bales in 1921 and just 6 in 1922. New York rose to its preeminent position as the commercial and financial center of America because of cotton. [5] Cotton supports the global textile mills market and the global apparel manufacturing market that produces garments for wide use, which were valued at USD 748 billion and 786 billion, respectively, in 2016. American cotton production soared from 156,000 bales in 1800 to more than 4,000,000 bales in 1860 (a bale is a compressed bundle of cotton weighing between 400 and 500 pounds). [29] Cotton exports to China grew from a value of $46 million in 2000 to more than $2 billion in 2010. It should be grown only on naturally fertile soils or on soils enriched by inoculated and properly fertilized legumes, barnyard manure, or commercial fertilizer. [23] Although the industry was badly affected by falling prices and pests in the early 1920s, the main reason is undoubtedly the mechanization of agriculture in explaining why many blacks moved to northern American cities in the 1940s and 1950s during the "Great Migration" as mechanization of agriculture was introduced, leaving many unemployed. Cotton cultivation was begun by Anglo-American colonists in 1821. The industry faces challenges from increases in cotton production elsewhere where US cotton exports had gone and shifts to less expensive synthetic fibers, such as polyesters. Cotton Culture, American plantation owners, who were searching for a successful staple crop to compete on the world market, found it in cotton. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. Beginning in 1872, thousands of immigrants from the Deep South and from Europe poured into the Blackland Prairie of Central Texas and began growing cotton. The cotton boom, however, was the main cause of the increased demand for enslaved labor the number of enslaved individuals in America grew from 700,000 in 1790 to 4,000,000 in 1860. In 1835, Joseph Holt Ingraham wrote: Truly does New-Orleans represent every other city and nation upon earth. The steel module builder consists of a box large enough to hold 15,000 pounds (ten to twelve bales) of seed cotton, a cab, and a hydraulic tramper. Steamboats also illustrated the class and social distinctions of the antebellum age. Visit the Internet Archive to watch a 1937 WPA film showing cotton bales being loaded onto a steamboat. Some southerners believed that their regions monopoly over the lucrative cotton cropon which both the larger American and Atlantic markets dependedand their possession of a slave labor force allowed the South to remain independent from the market revolution. Mapping History : The Spread of Cotton and of Slavery 1790-1860 - Introduction Introduction This module has four parts. The standard for cotton bales is supposed to be 480 pounds per bale, so twenty bales will weigh 9,600 lbs., divided by 2000 lbs. The United States is the world's top exporter of cotton. The slave states of South Carolina and Georgia were adamant about having slavery protected by the Constitution. The 1889 census reported 3,934,525 acres producing 1.5 million bales. Increased cotton production led to technological improvements in cotton ginning-the process of separating cotton fibers from their seeds, cleaning the fibers, and baling the lint for shipment to market. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. Georgia had led the world in cotton production during the first boom in the 1820s, with 150,000 bales in 1826; later slumps led to some agricultural diversification. equivalent bales). How many bales of cotton were produced in 1850? From there, the bulk of American cotton went to Liverpool, England, where it was sold to British manufacturers who ran the cotton mills in Manchester and elsewhere. Weeding the cotton rows took significant energy and time. Although the industry was badly affected by falling prices and pests in the early 1920s, the mechanization of agriculture created additional pressures on those working in the industry. As the price of cotton increased to 9, 10, then 11 per pound over the next ten years, the average cost of an enslaved male laborer likewise rose to $775, $900, and then more than $1,600. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. In 1910, it was released into the marketplace. After a few months, he wrote the now-famous letter to his father in which he described his discovery: I involuntarily happened to be thinking on the subject [of cleaning cotton] and struck out a plan of a Machine [to remove the cotton seed]I concluded to relinquish my school and turn my attention to perfecting the Machine. That machine was the cotton gin. Cotton compresses, huge machines that reduced 500-pound bales to about half their ginned, or flat-bale, size for convenience in shipping, were constructed along railroad rights-of-way in many towns. [19], The introduction of modern textile machinery such as the spinning jenny, power loom, and cotton gin brought in more profits, and "cotton towns" (settlements that formed an economy based on the cotton trade) sprung up throughout the U.S. The cotton gin. Those who sold their slaves could realize great profits, as could the slave brokers who served as middlemen between sellers and buyers. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1966, Young, Mary Elizabeth. In 2020, producers in South Carolina harvested 179,000 acres of upland cotton. This lucrative international trade brought new wealth and new residents to the city. [citation needed]. a. [41] In 2017, total Missouri cottonseed sales were 179,000 tons. ", Sven Beckert, "Emancipation and empire: Reconstructing the worldwide web of cotton production in the age of the American Civil War. Factors that caused the decline of cotton production in the state after the 1920s were the federal government's control program, which cut acreage in half, the increase in foreign production (the state had been exporting approximately 85 percent of the total crop), the introduction of synthetic fibers, the tariff, the lack of a lint-processing industry in Texas, and World War II, which brought a shortage of labor and disrupted commerce. This spacing helps to make the plants fruit earlier than would a wider spacing and usually results in higher yields. Farmers used calcium arsenate dust and other pesticides to reduce the damage from boll weevils and such pests as the pink bollworm. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. Cotton farming was also subsidized in the country by the U.S. government[citation needed], as a trade policy, specifically to the "corporate agribusiness" almost ruined the economy of people in many underdeveloped countries such as Mali and many other developing countries (in view of low profits in the light of stiff competition from the United States, the workers could hardly make both ends meet to survive with cotton sales). [33] Texas Cotton Producers includes nine certified cotton grower organizations; it addresses national and statewide cotton grower issues, such as the national farm bill and environmental legislation. "Cotton production in the U.S. from 2001 to 2022 (in 1,000 bales)*." In the eastern part of the state, cotton is planted mostly on medium-high beds to allow better drainage and to enable the soil to warm up quicker in the spring, while in West Texas and other sections with low rainfall, cotton is planted below the level of the land. After the war, when steel and rubber became available to manufacturers again, farmers began to mechanize their methods of planting, cultivating, and harvesting, thus eliminating the need for tenants and sharecroppers, many of whom did not return to farmwork, and leading to new practices in cotton production that remain in use today. The first displays the dramatic growth of cotton production in the United States from 1790 to 1860. See also AGRICULTURE, COTTONSEED INDUSTRY, COTTON-COMPRESS INDUSTRY, TEXTILE INDUSTRY, FARM TENANCY, SLAVERY, ANTEBELLUM TEXAS, RECONSTRUCTION, LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY TEXAS, PROGRESSIVE ERA, and TEXAS IN THE 1920S.

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