chemical composition of an apple list

I. Apple juice preparations, including a cloudy (higher procyanidin and pectin) and a clear juice preparation, reduced important markers, including DNA damage and hyperproliferation and lowered the number of large aberrant crypt foci in the distal colon. Review of 93 intervention studies. The fruit composition is characterized by the presence of high amounts of physiologically active chemical constituents, such as sugars, organic acids, mineral salts, tannins, vitamins, pectin,. The reviewed studies do not prove cause and effect and further work remains to be done. In a follow-up to the above study to examine mechanisms, it was found that apple procyanidins have a dual effect of downregulating polyamine biosynthesis concurrent with stimulating the catabolism or breakdown of these compounds (22). Mechanistically, it is feasible that catechins or other polyphenolic components in AP may be inversely related to the risk of type 2 diabetes, possibly by preserving pancreatic -cell function via reduced oxidative stress-induced tissue damage. 37 First, 150 L of a CHE extract aqueous solution (1 mg mL 1), 150 L of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 600 L of water and 1500 L of sodium carbonate solution (7% w/v) were mixed.The reaction mixture was stirred for five minutes and stored in the dark . Extracts of apple pulp were shown to release NO from human saliva under acidic conditions, prompting the authors to propose a possible gastroprotective role of AP in mediating and scavenging of nitrogen oxides. Subsequent tests were conducted to determine if apple extracts (peel and flesh) and selected phytochemicals could attenuate this activation. Histological analysis showed that consumption of the apple extract also reduced the proportion of highly malignant adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner from 81.3% in the control group to ~57, 50, and 23% in the low, middle, and high doses of apple extracts, respectively, over 24 wk. Evidence relating AP to lung health was summarized in the review of Boyer and Liu (1) and newer studies have built upon earlier work that implicated AP in reduced risk of asthma. Thus, the study of AP is highly relevant and they have important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. In particular, apple juice concentrate prevents the characteristic decline in acetylcholine associated with aging and oxidative stress (62). Its chemical formula is C 10 H 10 O 4. Apple also decreased the presence of ROS generated by hydrogen peroxide exposure in lymphocytes isolated from each participant at 3 and 6 h after the apple test meal. There was no statistical association between reduced asthma or asthma severity and any of the flavonoids examined, inferring that compounds other than those studied must be attributed to the observed reduction in risk of asthma. Only a few studies have examined AP but preliminary observations suggest that AP may have a positive impact on markers related to bone health. The sole author had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript. Kern et al. There is clearly a need for controlled clinical intervention studies using AP to further examine the potential association between AP and asthma. In a separate study, Shaheen et al. (23) recently reported that PKC activity was reduced by 50% in HT29 cells after 24-h exposure to apple extracts at a relatively high concentration (403 g/mL). All 3 groups were matched for the additional dietary fiber provided by each of the treatments. It is also called ferulate, propenoic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and more. 2.1. Apple juice also attenuated the neurotoxicity of amyloid peptide in vitro (65). Subsequent work by the same investigators provided a detailed analysis of the extent of metabolization of polyphenolic compounds after digestion and absorption. 42. A variety of in vitro systems have been used to test AP extracts for potential antioxidant capacity and the results of these studies have been variable. Early research described an inverse association between AP consumption and asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including bronchitis and emphysema, as well as a general benefit to ventilatory function in healthy individuals as reviewed in (1). The observations that AP intake might be associated with reduced risk of cancer have led to an expanded field of animal and in vitro work with cell models that mimic phases in the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. In a combined investigation using cell and animal models to mimic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug injury, cultured gastric epithelial cells (MKN 28 from a human gastric tubular adenocarcinoma) were exposed to oxidative stress via 2- to 3-h exposure to xanthine oxidase and live rats were subjected to indomethacin, each with or without treatment with phenolic-rich extracts of freeze-dried apple (flesh only). Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away? However, detailed analysis of the nutrient content and antioxidant properties of the seeds and pulp has not yet been reported. Hyson, no conflicts of interest. The composition of apples in relation to cider and vinegar production. Fructose level (average 53.9 g/l) was almost always higher than glucose level. - Quora Answer (1 of 3): alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin Something went wrong. There are current data suggesting that AP might be linked to reduced risk of several forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. Their work focused on NF-B, a transcription factor involved in regulation of inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Rats were fed 2 different preparations of apple juice pressed from a mixture of apples to determine if 7 wk of daily consumption protected the mucosa from 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced genotoxic damage. Studies aimed at ranking in vitro antioxidant capacity of AP have been inconsistent as have those of other fruits and vegetables; some investigations rank antioxidant capacity as relatively poor, whereas others report good antioxidant activity compared to other fruits (45). However, it is still not fully understood which components mediate the observed effects. The wide range of polyphenol content in whole apples and apple juice is depicted in Table 1 (4, 5). The calculated intake of phenols was comparable to dietary intake in humans (930 mg in apple group; 1100 mg in apple juice group). The test meals were adjusted to provide comparable macronutrients. Barth et al. The most effective compounds on all antioxidative parameters included quercetin and phloretin. Individual phytochemicals, including rutin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid, were all effective, with some reconstituted mixtures being more effective than the original, in terms of antioxidant capacity and reducing DNA damage (43). Apples are generally thought of as being a good source of fiber. 2.5. A different study, using rats injected with the chemical carcinogen azoxymethane, known to cause a range of morphological changes including carcinoma, found protective effects of an extract of apple procyanidins provided to the animals in their drinking water for 6 wk (19). I thought it might be interesting to list the top 20 organic and inorganic compounds of something like an . Search for other works by this author on: Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits, Effects of dietary flavonoids on apoptotic pathways related to cancer chemoprevention. In many of these studies, dietary intake was quantified using diet history or FFQ followed by tests for a statistical link between disease risk and defined strata of AP or AP-flavonoid consumption. Anti-vaxxer vs. chemical composition of an apple. Overproduction and/or overexposure to oxidants in the body can result in an imbalance leading to cellular damage. Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. There is growing evidence that dietary variables may be related to cognitive decline in normal aging and also influence the risk and course of neurodegenerative diseases of aging. The concentration of polyphenols is influenced by the plant variety as well as environmental factors, including geographic region, growing season, and storage (3). Understanding and characterizing the bioavailability of AP in humans is important in examining their possible protective effects on colon cancer. Other disease-related processes that are reportedly influenced by AP include cell proliferation and tumor production, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, cell differentiation (11), platelet aggregation, lipid metabolism, cell adhesion molecule expression, and endothelial function, among others (12). In conclusion, the data related to AP and disease risk reduction are provocative and varied. It is thought that lungs are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to high and continual exposure to oxygen. They observed an increase in FRAP and a correlated increase in plasma urate levels, leading them to speculate that fructose-mediated urate production might account for their observations. List of Chemicals Dangerous Chemicals in Everyday Products 2. The combined phytochemical and nutrient profiles in AP suggests their potential to be powerful in the prevention of several chronic conditions in humans. In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP. The quantity of phloridzin the rats consumed represented ~6 apples/d, depending on variety. Feeding trials are important in illustrating in vivo effects of AP and there are convincing data that AP intake is associated with improved antioxidant capacity in plasma and other tissues. The chemical structures of several representative polyphenols present in AP are shown in Fig. Iso-octane. Checkmate, atheists. The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. Favorable effects on antioxidant enzymes in liver including SOD, GSHPx, and general markers of oxidation (hepatic TBARS) were significantly reduced by 4752%. Investigations with this model have provided important clues that mechanisms of neuroprotection may extend beyond antioxidant effects. Shea et al. Unfermented apple juice extract also had potent antiproliferative effects. Current guidelines recommend daily consumption of foods that are a good source of dietary fiber and low in energy density to promote healthy weight maintenance or weight loss. Apples and AP3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. However, no varietal differences were observed in the chemical or microscopic analysis of cloud material. If these findings are applicable to the in vivo situation, altered intestinal lipid secretion might account for the lipid-lowering effect of AP observed in some studies and suggest one possible mechanism for reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. There was a 50% inhibition at a concentration of 45 g/mL and total inhibition at 70 g/mL. Investigators in the laboratory of Shaheen et al. Typically, the greater values in the ranges shown for juices reflect the higher concentration of polyphenols in fresh juice prepared from cider apples and commercial preparations of cloudy juice compared to lower quantities in fresh juice made with dessert apple varieties or commercial juices that are clear. Their experiments tested for the effectiveness of various fruits in inhibiting ROS-induced production of ethylene from -keto--methiolbutyric acid. In vitro work in cultured human intestinal cells suggested that AP may directly alter lipid absorption and metabolism (49). Tsao R, Yang R, Xie S, Sockovie E, Khanizadeh S, Chun OK, Kim D-O, Smith N, Schroeder D, Han J, Lee C, Sampson L, Rimm E, Hollman P, deVries J, Katan M, Hertog MG, Feskens E, Hollman P, Katan MB, Kromhout D, Veeriah S, Hofmann T, Glei M, Dietrich H, Will F, Schreier P, Knaup B, Pool-Zobel BL, Gallus S, Talamini R, Giacosa A, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Miller A, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Bchner F, Vineis P, Agudo A, Gram I, Janson L, Krogh V, et al. To address this issue, a recent study by Veeriah et al. The fresh peeled apple meal included 311 g of unpeeled apple plus a protein drink and 53 g of candy; the applesauce test meal included 877.5 g of unsweetened canned applesauce and a protein drink and the control meal included just the candy (108 g) and the protein drink. Total polyphenol content determination The total polyphenol content of CHE extracts was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Adapted with permission from (4). Blood sampled at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h postconsumption was assayed for FRAP and plasma ascorbate and urate levels. Thus, apples may be potentially important in weight-related disorders. a compact disc. Polyphenolic concentration of whole apples (freeze dried) and apple juice. In a cross-over study, 15 healthy female participants 1950 y (mean 24.6 y) old each consumed a 500-kcal test meal on 3 different occasions consisting of either fresh peeled apples, unsweetened canned apple sauce, or candy. They found that apple consumption reduced anxious behavior in rats in elevated maze tests and restored synaptic function (long-term potentiation) to the level of younger animals. In addition, a synthetic mixture developed to mimic the composition of the natural polyphenolic profile was formulated and tested on cultured HT29 cells. The strengths of this diet study included the use of whole fruits rather than extracts in addition to the easily achievable energy level of the weight loss regime and the involvement of a registered dietitian to implement the diet. Animal feeding and in vitro studies have shown the potential of AP in breast cancer reduction. Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion in various environments. (48) studied the potential of 2 doses of procyanidin-rich apple polyphenol extract to attenuate disruptions in lipid membranes and lipid metabolism resulting from exposure to dietary cholesterol oxidation products. Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution 30%. II. Fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: Updated information from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Cloudy apple juice decreases DNA damage, hyperproliferation and aberrant crypt foci development in the distal colon of DMH-initiated rats, Cloudy apple juice is more effective than apple polyphenols and an apple juice derived cloud fraction in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Chemopreventive properties of apple procyanidins on human colon cancer-derived metastatic SW620 cells and in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Polyphenolic apple juice extracts and their major constituents reduce oxidative damage in human colon cell lines, Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by fruit and berry extracts and correlations with antioxidant levels, Potentiation of apple procyanidin-triggered apoptosis by the polyamine oxidase inactivator MDL 72527 in human colon cancer-derived metastatic cells, Apple polyphenols affect protein kinase C activity and the onset of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells, Apple flavonoids inhibit growth of HT29 human colon cancer cells and modulate expression of genes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, Colonic availability of apple polyphenols: a study in ileostomy subjects, Histone-deacetylase inhibition and butyrate formation: fecal slurry incubations with apple pectin and apple juice extracts, Fresh apples suppress mammary carcinogenesis and proliferative activity and induce apoptosis in mammary tumors of the Sprague Dawley rat, Effect of selected phytochemicals and apple extracts on NF-B activation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, Apple phytochemical extracts inhibit proliferation of estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent human breast cancer cells through cell cycle modulation, Effect of apple extracts on NF-{kappa}B activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Triterpenoids isolated from apple peels have potent antiproliferative activity and may be partially responsible for apple's anticancer activity, Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2008 statistics update at a glance, Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study, Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease; the Zutphen Elderly Study, Effects of apple consumption on plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant parameters in elderly subjects, Comparison of the antioxidant activities of nine different fruits in human plasma, Relevance of apple consumption for protection against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in human lymphocytes, The increase in human plasma antioxidant capacity after apple consumption is due to the metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids, Efficiency of apples, strawberries, and tomatoes for reduction of oxidative stress in pigs as a model for humans, Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects, Free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites from Reddened Cv. In addition, apple intake was associated with reduction in SOD elevation in the hippocampus of aged rats, suggesting that apples provide antioxidant protection that mitigates the predicted compensatory elevation of enzymes associated with aging. (17) used a well-established rat model of chemically induced colonic damage (using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine) to examine alterations associated with colon cancer and to test the effects of AP. A detailed report of apple phytochemicals and their health benefits was published by Boyer and Liu (1) in 2004. It was found that consuming one or more medium-sized apples (166 g)/d was associated with a reduction in risk of cancer compared to consumption of <1 apple/d. It was found that the accumulation of esterified cholesterol decreased and the secretion of apo-B (B-48 and B-100) containing lipoproteins was reduced. As summarized by Boyer and Liu (1), early reports showed an inverse association between AP and AP-flavonoid intake and coronary mortality. Thirteen pure compounds were identified as triterpenoids and tested for antiproliferative activity against human liver cancer cells (HepG2), as well as human breast cancer and colon cancer cells (MCF-7 and Caco-2, respectively). Because early lesions in the colon may progress to malignancy, the presence of premalignant hyperproliferative crypts and aberrant crypts are indicators of the potential pathogenesis of cancer in this model. 3 comments. The effect was mediated by apple phenolics but particularly chlorogenic acid and (+)-catechin (5 mol/L). Antioxidant activity, including the scavenging of free radicals, is thought to reduce cell proliferation and induce detoxification enzymes and apoptosis. The synthetic mixture of polyphenols also inhibited growth, although less effectively, and isolated components were significantly less effective than either mixture. Other authors have described cell signaling and molecular mechanisms that respond to AP exposure. Every triterpenoid significantly suppressed cancer cell proliferation; some were highly potent and reduced cell growth by 50% at relatively low concentrations (~1017 mol/L). Several ranking studies have been completed and the pros and cons of chemical methods used to assess in vitro antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables have been debated and will not be reviewed here. Very preliminary in vitro evidence indicates that compounds from AP could be protective against gastric ulcer. VDOMDHTMLtml> What is the chemical composition for apple? The chemical composition of an apple includes: water - over 85% of the total mass; proteins and fats - about 1%; carbohydrate compounds - almost 10%; organic acids; alimentary fiber; vitamins: PP, A in the form of beta-carotene, group B, C, E, H, K; Dietary fat, including high PUFA intake, is associated with increased lipid peroxidation resulting in DNA damage (40). Among the various foods studied, apples were the only individual fruit associated with the protective association. Although apples and citrus were collectively associated with reduced risk of diagnosed asthma, adjustment for citrus eliminated the significance of the effect of apples. Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. Fructose and glucose were identified as the principal monosaccharides ( Table 2 ). (42). Using modern analytical techniques, a comprehensive study of the chemical composition of fruits from apple cultivars grown in Western Norway during 2019 and 2020 was done. Future studies, including well-conducted clinical trials using whole apple preparations and juice, are clearly warranted. Ongoing research is providing more detailed data on specific components and/or combinations of components in AP that might be protective. Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 2%. The estrogen-negative cells exhibited a greater sensitivity to the apple extracts than the estrogen-responsive model. Iodine solution, alcohol solution. It has been proposed that an integrated approach incorporating antioxidant capacity values from several different assays in a validated statistical model might provide a more accurate assessment of the relative antioxidant capacity of foods (46). Apple cider vinegar is 94% water and 5% acetic acid with 1% carbohydrates and no fat or protein (table). In the living rats, drinking the apple extract in water for 10 d or 1 h prior to indomethacin-induced injury prevented macroscopic injury and partial microscopic damage by 4045% (75). The chemical composition of apples and cider. Apples and AP 3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. Each group was provided guidelines for a moderate hypocaloric diet designed to reduce body weight at a rate of 1 kg/mo (deficit of 250 kcal/d). Author disclosure: D.A. Dietary antioxidants are of interest, because they add to the endogenous potential of the body to scavenge ROS and nitrogen-free radicals and directly counteract lipid peroxidation reactions. Hamsters were provided with apples to approximate human intake of 600 g/d (~2.5 large apples) or 500 mL of juice/d. Blanching of apple puree, on the other hand, increased apple juice turbidity by increasing the amount of . Carotenoid extracts from apple peel were effective against H. pylori in an in vitro medium (76). These studies are among the few that highlight the importance of metabolized AP and emphasize the need to determine the biological activity of metabolites of phytochemicals in vivo. Further investigation of the in vivo effects of AP as well as other sources of antioxidants relative to antioxidant status is relevant and warranted. An extensive analysis of phytochemical metabolites in apple was reported by Cefarelli et al. There has been a growing appreciation and understanding of the link between fruit and vegetable consumption and improved health. An effect of AP on NF-B activity was observed in another cell line in a recent study by Davis et al. The authors concluded that these compounds could be partially responsible for the anticancer activities associated with AP. Apple intake increased plasma total antioxidant activity by 64% at 3 and 6 h postconsumption compared to a water control, with resumption to baseline by 24 h after the test. HT29 cells, as well as a breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 were the models in a study of the effects of extracts of 10 fruits, including apple peel (Malus domestica) (21). The thirteen investigations reported in Table 1 dealt with various topics such as the characterization of different apple cultivars in terms of chemical/phytochemical composition, nutritional values and sensory description [12,13,14,15,16] and . It has been shown that the estrogen decline associated with menopause is linked to increased production of inflammatory mediators within the bone microenvironment. Approved as a medicinal fruit by the Chinese National Health and Wellness Commission [], hawthorn has higher dietary fiber, pectin, ascorbic acid, minerals, and antioxidant capacity than some common fruits [].Studies have confirmed that hawthorn is rich in amino acids (8 essential amino acids and 3-8 times more amino acids than fruit), protein (17 times . Isolated fractions of the major phenolics in the juice (phloretin and quercetin and their 2 glucoside forms, phlorizin and rutin, respectively) were shown to account in part for the inhibitory effects. Ferulic acid The next list of chemicals in an apple is Ferulic acid, belongs to a group of an organic compound called hydroxycinnamic acid. An estimated 10 million Americans over age 50 y have osteoporosis and another 34 million are at risk (71). The effects of AP on specific enzymes involved in colon carcinogenesis have been examined. This group developed a standardized mouse model of neurodegeneration in which aged mice exhibit impaired cognitive performance and increased oxidative parameters in brain tissue when subjected to a prooxidant diet (deficient in vitamin E and folate; high in iron). Another in vitro study with AP demonstrated that there may be other beneficial effects to gastrointestinal health by an alternate mechanism of reducing risk of mutagenesis in gastric cancer (77). The authors of this study also searched for an association between total flavonol and flavone intake and a limited number of subtypes of these flavonoids (5 total) and reduced risk. Additional work from this laboratory using mice with genetically induced oxidative stress (an ApoE-deficient strain) showed that 1 mo of apple juice concentrate intake reduced the accumulation of ROS in brain tissue and attenuated cognitive impairment (60, 61). One of the most common pesticides used on apples after harvest is diphenylamine, used to prevent apple scald or browning of the skin that can occur during storage. There was also a 1.5-fold increase in SCFA in the fermented samples compared to nonfermented. This study focused on a single concentration of one isolated compound; an expansion of work with this model using a wider range of concentrations and varied phytochemicals would be of interest. Follow-up work with this model to further characterize the effects of the fresh apple extract demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of markers of cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and down regulation of the cell cycle in mammary tumor cells (cyclin D1 protein expression) (28). A 2016 analysis from the PDP found that 80% of 531 apple samples contained residues of this chemical at 0.002-3.8 ppm, which is below the EPA's tolerance level of 10 ppm. There has been an increasing appreciation and understanding of the link between dietary fruit and vegetable intake and improved health in humans. Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. The grade is characterized by: Very high corrosion resistance in strong acids. Incubation of these cells with the apple juice extract for 24, 48, and 72 h reduced their growth. Copyright 2023 American Society for Nutrition. Several studies, summarized below, have attempted to elucidate specific antioxidant components in AP using in vitro assays. All those chemicals are because of GMOs the scientists inject into our apple trees. Given the increasing incidence of these 2 conditions, further study of the effect of AP on osteoporosis and diabetes is important to consider. In follow-up studies, the same authors examined the effect of isolated fractions on the above markers and concluded that the juice fraction itself was more effective than individual components of juice, including polyphenolic-rich extracts (18). It was found that cell proliferation was reduced in cells exposed to apple extracts in a dose-dependent manner with a median EC50 of 65.1 g/L. Individual compounds isolated from the apple extracts were not effective in altering any of the markers in this study, suggesting that the composite mixtures of components in the extracts were more important in mediating the observed effects than individual compounds, likely due to interaction/synergy between the different components. Their review included an overview of the positive association between AP and health benefits demonstrated in observational studies (1). Because cholinergic depletion is associated with impaired memory and reduced cognitive performance, and acetylcholine reduction in particular is associated with Alzheimer's disease, there is potential importance in the ability of apple juice to maintain levels of this neurotransmitter. In this study, 515 adults with diagnosed asthma were compared to 515 controls using dietary assessment by a 6-d food diary and 24-h recall. Research in animals allows for detailed analyses of the effect of AP on lipid parameters beyond simply measuring lipid levels in plasma. The rats were provided phloridzin, a flavonoid isolated from apple wood in this study but also present in apples, particularly the peel. Recent investigations have added to the earlier work as well as identified potential new health benefits of AP consumption. It is estimated that one-third of all cancer deaths could be prevented by improved diet, particularly increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (13).

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