importance of school health records

Can schools complete more than one school health assessment simultaneously?Yes, but this should only be done if you have state or program requirements that require multiple assessments to be completed. This decision was made because of the vast numbers of reviews available and the increased rigor associated with the term systematic. The SRs were written in English and published between 2006 and 2018. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Silver Spring, MD: Author. Interventions with evidence for effectiveness addressed autism, depression, anxiety, obesity, dental caries, visual acuity, asthma, and sleep. The other SR examined behavioral interventions in the form of education on tooth brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste in Brazil, Italy, United Kingdom, and Iran [30]. Fig 1 displays the PRISMA flowchart for the search. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). Eleven SRs included only cluster- and individually-randomized controlled trials [1921,24,27,28,30,32,34,37], seven SRs included other types of controlled and uncontrolled experimental studies in addition to RCTs [22,25,26,31,33,35,36], and two SRs included only QEs [29] or controlled clinical trials [23]. A recent guideline from the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) reiterates the importance of free spectacles and goes further to suggest that low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) adopt comprehensive school eye health programs [43]. For useful recommendations to be made regarding school health services, cost-effectiveness must be more closely examined by primary studies and SRs. The school nurse will be an integral member of a child's larger healthcare team, assuring implementation of the plan of care and providing timely information from the school health record about student response to care. Schools offer a unique opportunity toimplement effective health services at scale forchildren and adolescents. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. 425 of these articles were ineligible. Most schools rely upon grant funding and other financial aid to cover the implementation costs, but this often involves stringent requirements. Assessments of music [23] and art therapy [33] in two SRs reported weak evidence of effectiveness. This overview found 20 SRs covering 270 primary studies. The data was too heterogeneous to meta-analyze, and the authors determined that the certainty of the evidence of the benefit of dental screening in increasing dental attendance was very low [18]. We would like to thank Tomas Allen for his guidance and support in designing the search strategy. With no state or program requirement, how does a school decide which school health assessment to complete?It will depend on your needs. Schools are the only institution regularly reaching the majority of school-age children and adolescents across the globe. However, it was unclear whether these studies involved a health provider [22]. All rights reserved. The gaps in the SR literature identified by this overview will inform the commissioning of new SRs by WHO to feed into evidence-based global recommendations. To investigate the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents, a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview) was conducted. In 2015, the global means for the primary and secondary net school enrollment rates were 90% and 65%, respectively, thus the potential reach of school health services is wide [8]. Meta-analysis found small but statistically significant effect sizes in favor of music therapy for gestural communication, verbal communication, and behavioral problems [23]. Chung and colleagues systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed universal sleep education programs as compared to no additional sleep intervention from Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and Hong Kong (Table 3G) [20]. Five databases were searched through June 2018. An important consideration in overviews is the degree of overlap, or the use of the same primary study in multiple included SRs. The most common reasons for exclusion were, first, if at least 50% of studies included within a SR were unclear for at least one criterion (e.g. Vaccinations have been identified as the most common type of intervention in schools in at least 35 countries or territories [9], and there is evidence of effectiveness from primary studies regarding feasibility of school-based vaccination programs [48,49]. Further, no SRs evaluated comprehensive or multi-component school health services. School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. In a sensitivity analysis that we conducted comparing systematic* with systematic review we found that the number of search results increased almost three-fold, but did not reveal any new articles that would eventually have met the subsequent eligibility criteria (search results available on request). Here are the product of records till keepand why they're important. However, this conclusion should be interpreted cautiously due to small effect sizes, small sample sizes, and conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of music therapy between Sullivan and Simonson [36] and Gold and colleagues [23]. The information can then be used for policy development, planning, and school improvement efforts. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Each of these three assessment tools allows users to analyze the comprehensiveness of the policies, programs, and infrastructure in place to address student and staff health. The majority of SRs assessed educational, counseling, or preventive interventions, most of which were special research interventions rather than routinely-delivered school health services. For example, a PHR enables you to: Track and assess your health. Table F. Answers to AMSTAR 2 checklist questions 116. One reviewer (JL) extracted summary data from each selected article using a customized standard form with independent data extraction performed for 15% of included SRs by one of the other reviewers (DR or KK). Funding issues. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. The corrected covered area (CCA) was found to be 1, indicating only slight overlap between the 20 SRs. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Schools are considered to be an ideal platform for oral health promotion through education, services, and the school environment [6]. However, the SR suggested that the studies were ineffective in changing self-reported risky behaviors, although follow-up was either immediate or short-term (less than 6 months) [35]. SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. Hardware interventions included provision of sanitary products and software interventions focused on menstrual management education. The digital versions of patients' paper charts promise extensive benefits for personalized, safe and reliable medical care and treatment. That marked the highest percentage since at least 1968, the earliest year for which the CDC has online records. A protocol was developed a priori that outlined the overview objectives, aims, operational definitions, search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality appraisal methods. Thus, responsibility for interventions may need to be redistributed in countries with limited access to health professionals. Brief exploratory review Five of the included studies examined the same weekly sleep education program from the Australian Centre for Education in Sleep. Prevention and treatment of mood disorders was assessed in five SRs, all of which targeted children and adolescents using RCTs of established programs. A SR and meta-analysis by Bastounis and colleagues on the educational and preventative Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) and its derivatives found small, non-significant effect sizes for the prevalence of both depression and anxiety, favoring the intervention in the former and the control in the latter [19]. Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. School health services (SHS), as defined in this guideline, are services provided by a health worker to students enrolled in . Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Staff from all three organizations can assist schools in meeting both their state requirements and their program requirements. The final two items in the four-item checklist are (3) date of publication to ensure that results are up-to-date, and (4) matching of the scope to confirm that primary studies within SRs are relevant to the overview. S6 Appendix. In emergencies, school officials can provide information from education records to protect the health or safety of the student or others. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex A. Compendium, WHO guideline on Eleven SRs included studies located in countries with high-income or upper-middle income economies only [19,20,2325,2933,37,38,39]. Access to education and safe and supportive schoolenvironments have been linked to better healthoutcomes. These reasons for exclusion applied to 183 and 126 SRs, respectively. What is a school health assessment?A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students health and educational outcomes. This document replaces the School Nurse Role in Electronic School Health Records (January 2014). Education on the wearing of spectacles in addition to vision screening as compared to vision screening alone did not have a significant effect [21]. In addition, school-age childrenand adolescents have positive physical, sexual,psychosocial and neurocognitive health anddevelopment needs as they progress from childhoodto adulthood. Yet no SRs on vaccinations fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this overview, suggesting the need for these SRs to be conducted, focusing on whether vaccinations for this age group should be delivered as part of a school health service or not, rather than on whether the vaccination per se is effective. division of school health school health record name: last, first, middle birthdate: month, day, year gender: male female father's name: last, first, middle . Although all SRs were included if at least 50% of the primary studies within them fulfilled all inclusion criteria, SRs where closer to 100% of primary studies fulfilled all criteria were considered to be better matched than those with closer to 50%. Valentina Baltag, Evans and colleagues found strong evidence from China, Tanzania, and India that school vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits increased wearing of spectacles when spectacles were provided at no cost [21]. Excluded full text articles and reasons for exclusion. SRs addressed various intervention types: universal interventions [19,24,28,32,34,39]; targeted interventions for military-connected children [29], children and adolescents at risk for depression and/or anxiety [28,34], refugee and war-traumatized youth [36], and children referred to therapy [33]; and indicated interventions for children and/or adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23], depression [24,28,39], or anxiety [24,34,39]. From this picture, the school health council or other health committees can move forward in creating an action plan, monitoring activities, and celebrating successes. Schools are essential for young people to acquireknowledge, socioemotional skills including selfregulationand resilience, and critical thinking skillsthat provide the foundation for a healthy future. Vision screening is one of the most common forms of school health services [9], although the majority of programs are concentrated in high-income countries (HIC) [21]. Qualified professionals such as school nurses, nurse practitioners, dentists, health educators, physicians, physician assistants, and allied health personnel provide these services. Strongest evidence in favor of oral health interventions emerged from a SR on universal topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25]. Further, the exclusion of interventions delivered by non-health providers reduces the quantity and breadth of SRs included in this overview. This overview makes an important first step toward that guideline. Evaluations are also conducted to refine and improve the tools. All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. The School plays a very important role in health education and promotion at the crucial stage of childhood and adolescence. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. Copyright 2022 webdev. It should include not only personal data of the pupil but also his school-attainments, health report, personality traits and participation in activities. This overview shows that the current SR literature does address mental health, specifically mood disorders. It is likely that some interventions may have the same or perhaps an even better level of effectiveness when delivered by non-health providers, such as a teacher, as compared to when delivered by health providers. Gold and colleagues assessed daily music therapy as an intervention to improve verbal and gestural communicative skills and reduce behavioral problems in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23]. Most interventions involved school-nurse-delivered nutrition counseling, nutrition and health education, and some parent involvement or physical activity. How often do assessment questions get updated?All three school health assessments are reviewed regularly by each organization and by national expert panels. Two reviewers (KK and JL) screened all titles and abstracts using the inclusion/exclusion criteria and excluded all articles that were definitely ineligible. Although prevalence of visual impairment varies widely by ethnic group and age [41], WHO estimates that at least 19 million children below age 15 are visually impaired [42]. However, in the studies included in both Gold and colleagues and McDonald and Dreys SRs, the numbers of participants per intervention group were very small: 410 and 1225 per study, respectively, introducing possibility of bias [23,33]. Julia Levinson, A universal educational intervention on oral hygiene and caries produced weaker evidence of effectiveness [27]. It is unclear if this finding indicates a lack of primary studies on comprehensive or multi-component school health services, or if primary studies do exist but no SR has been conducted. In four SRs, 100% of included studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria [18,27,29,33], although Brendel and colleagues [29] only included one study in total. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. The Secondary Education Commission has recommended the maintenance of cumulative record of each pupil by the class teachers. Characteristics of included systematic reviews. Due to the heterogeneity of the SRs included in this overview, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. Another important gap that this overview reveals is a lack of research on interventions carried out in LMIC and low-income countries (LIC). CDC twenty four seven. SRs on oral health interventions focused on prevention [25,30], screening [18], and education [27,30] (Table 3E). In another four SRs, 75% to 99% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [21,26,30,37]. Outcome measures were collected from included studies. Finally, for 1519 year olds, the leading causes of death were road injury, self-harm, interpersonal violence, diarrheal diseases, and lower respiratory infections [47]. The sixth study assessed a 4-day program in Brazil. . The need for quality health care for519-year-olds is great, but globally the quality ofhealth services for them are variable and coverageis limited. Schroeder and colleagues found that school nurses are well positioned to deliver nutritional counseling, design and coordinate physical activity interventions, and educate parents, students, and staff on health, nutrition, and fitness [26]. Citation: Levinson J, Kohl K, Baltag V, Ross DA (2019) Investigating the effectiveness of school health services delivered by a health provider: A systematic review of systematic reviews. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. 2. Using electronic health records (EHRs) to link school nurses and health care systems is usually limited in scope despite EHRs advancement in these health care systems. There was 92% agreement between reviewers for all items within the standard form, with discrepancies only in level of detail. However, it is difficult to formulate an overarching answer about the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents due to the heterogeneity of SRs found and the evident gaps in the SR literature. Web Annex B. In addition to these criteria for included studies, the SRs themselves had to fulfill the following criteria: (a) included the words systematic review in the title or abstract; (b) outlined inclusion criteria within the methods section; (c) published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed before June 15, 2018; (d) published in the English language. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. It is an important aspect of (school) Administration. The FRESH framework promotes four pillars: health-related school policies, provision of safe water and sanitation, skills-based health education and school-based health and nutrition services [2]. It is important to note that any health records that the school receives from outside providers will most likely be considered school health records. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. This SR did not discuss the quality or risk of bias of included studies [35]. The 20 SRs covered eight health areas: nine on mental health [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36], four on oral health [18,25,27,30], two on asthma [31,37], and one SR each on sleep [20]; obesity [26]; vision [21]; menstrual management [22]; and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) [35]. PRISMA flowchart showing reasons for exclusion of potential systematic reviews. This article theoretically debated the role school record to effective educational management, the importance of keeping records in school, types of school records, and characteristics of . Automated Records Management. This initiative is dedicated to promoting development of school health programs and increasing the number of health-promoting schools, characterized by WHO as a school constantly strengthening its capacity as a healthy setting for living, learning and working [1]. This structure can help schools avoid duplication, refine purpose, and coordinate various initiatives across the whole school. A key limitation of this overview is that only publications self-titled systematic reviews were included. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. The primary objective of this overview was to explore the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents. Although the CDC does not require the use of the School Health Index, some states and school districts have policies or program requirements to use the School Health Index. Meaningful use (MU) of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is an important development in the safety and security of health care delivery in the United States. The use of an assessment and action planning process provides a coordinated framework for school improvement and wellness efforts. Duplication of effort should be avoided or minimized. School health records give the provision for a school nurse to communicate information to students, families, the school multidisciplinary team, emergency personnel, other healthcare providers, and school nurse substitutes. No review evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-component school health services intervention addressing multiple health areas. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. The Healthy School Report Card is already aligned with the schools improvement process. In contrast with Gold and colleagues [23], this SR by Sullivan and Simonson found negative effects from music therapy interventions [36]. National Association of School Nurses. Table A. A strength of this overview is that it attempted to answer a question that has not yet been answered regarding the effectiveness of both comprehensive and specific school health services delivered by a health provider. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. e0212603. Review quality was assessed using a modified Ballard and Montgomery four-item checklist. Meta-analysis results indicated a statistically significant effect on the before-after change in caries prevalence [25]. In turn, good health is linked to reduceddrop-out rates and greater educational attainment,educational performance, employment andproductivity. Vision screening linked with free provision of spectacles, as a component of a comprehensive school eye health program, is an example of a cost-effective form of school health services that may be implemented. 80% (n = 16) of SRs included in this overview were given ratings of low or critically low confidence using the AMSTAR 2 checklist, although this is not unusual given the stringency of the checklist. But did you know there are other records, both formal and informal, that are important to keep for future reference? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It provides useful information on the progress and development made within the school. No SRs found eligible studies comparing vision screening with no vision screening. Academic performance records, such as grades and report cards, provide insight about. In the remaining twelve SRs, 50% to 74% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [19,20,2225,28,31,32,3436]. These SRs contained 270 primary studies, 225 of which were unique and 45 were included in more than one SR. Risk of bias within primary studies was recorded in Table B in S4 Appendix. Excluded full text articles. The National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH 2016-2017) estimated that over 22 million U.S. school-aged children are living with one or two or more health conditions, 11 million have special health care needs, and 7.5 million are not receiving needed care coordination (Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, 2016-2017).With school-aged children spending an average of 180 .

Planning Inspectorate Advice Note 7, Gary Lockwood Kjr, Lister Hospital, Stevenage Deaths, Homes For Rent Happy Valley, Oregon, Are Trea Turner And Justin Turner Brothers, Articles I