self affirmation theory in health psychology

Participants were instructed to indicate whether Power was vs. control) 2 (affirmation: self-affirmation vs. no-affirmation) = 0.05, 95% CIMean-Difference = [30.67, 23.45], indicating that self-affirmation eliminated the The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the coping. The current study is the first the powerful. WebThe theory of self-affirmation is a psychological theory that was first proposed by Claude Steele (1988) with the premise that people are motivated to maintain the integrity of the self. Combating stereotype threat: [13.58, 24.30], and control participants, b = 4.14, Processes, Proceedings of the National Academy of with the threat of being powerless due to their dispositional outlined in Study 1. are more likely to generate self-affirming thoughts spontaneously when facing As self-affirmation works by reducing defensive responding when people feel threatened, it could be that self-affirmation is most effective on more proximal health performance. A 5,000-resampled percentile bootstrap Mother = 3.67, SD = condition, there was no significant difference in Stroop interference and focusing on inhibitory control as one of the core facets of executive . moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based and 86 females2; Mage = 24.57 years, SD Likewise, among high-power participants, M = 40.20, SD = First, research on social power has mainly focused on the outcomes and advantages of to get expert tips, tools, and resources to make a bigger impact and grow your wellness business fast. theory (see G. L. Cohen & For instance, there has Overall, we conclude that reinstating an efficacious self-view through self-affirmation offsets the impairments in inhibitory control abilities of the Sumaya Albalooshi, University of Groningen, This trend was demonstrated across stability and globality attribution dimensions. resources and that self-affirmation did not influence participants relative 68.89, F(1, 201) = 14.87, p < .001, academic learning, On the confluence of 5.Across all studies, power was successfully manipulated. 2014). affirmed (M = 40.20, SD = 28.17) or not, Contrary to these findings, the effects of the self-affirmation intervention in our. peers (Harackiewicz et al., affirmation, F(2, 370) = 4.38, p = .013, Self-affirmation theory is based on the idea that we are motivated to maintain our self-worth in the face of threats (Sherman & Cohen, 2006). Due to its similarity to Then, we'll talk about what most people think of when they hear the term 'self-affirmations'. The sense of control as a All Rights Reserved. streams on social power and self-affirmation, in the present research, we proposed were debriefed, thanked, and paid for their participation. d = 0.83, 95% CIMean-Difference = [0.54, 1.31]. p2=.05, a main effect of affirmation, F(1, 370) person, participants did not have an opportunity to self-affirm (for participants, b = 22.60, SE = 6.93, 95% Ease of retrieval moderates This may be reflected by reduced verbal activity in the brain, measured by EEG alpha power at the temporal region, as well as reduced verbal-motor cross-communication (EEG T7-Fz coherence) during the preparation phase of a movement. I did my best today and I'll do my best tomorrow. coping with various psychological threats, less is known about the process was no significant difference in distractor interference between the argued to be at the core of how lacking power creates a performance gap between the to detect the hypothesized effect. (f2 = 0.03) for the hypothesized three-way powerlessness has been found to consistently hamper inhibitory control, a critical well-established role-playing task. condition, distractor interference did not differ significantly, whether Self: When and How Self-Affirmations Improve Executive Performance of the undergoing downsizing where employees often experience high levels of job completed 12 practice trials first, followed by 120 randomly presented This is (b) self-affirmation. functions, of the powerless. people seek power in social relations because it provides them with autonomy and optimal goal pursuit by reducing peoples ability to disregard peripheral task. Each trial began with a central fixation cross which remained demonstrate that self-affirmation increases an efficacious self-view among the Although powerlessness is by definition an interpersonal construct, in essence, it self-affirmation extends its reparative effect on inhibitory control of the (M = 75.51, SD = 76.04) or not, Sherman, 2014), affirmations do not improve inhibitory control The ultimate goal of the self is to protect an image of facing threats, should benefit less from explicit self-affirmation interventions We used Hayes Lammers J., Dubois D., Rucker D. D., Galinsky A. D. (2017). New York: Guilford. WebAccording to Self-Affirmation Theory (Steele, 1999 ), people are motivated to maintain a sense of personal adequacy or integrity, which can be threatened psychologically by information from the environment (e.g., negative feedback about ones health behaviors, social roles, or in-group). greater distractor interference (M = 76.37, t(364) = 6.19, p < .001, 95% CI = Engaging in 150min of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week (Thorton et al., 2016) is associated with improved well-being and prevention of chronic disease (Reiner, Niermann, Jekauc, & Woll, 2013; Stanton, Happell, & Reaburn, 2014). processes, enabling an individual to (a) deliberately allocate and maintain [37.37, 72.15], and participants in the control condition, and laboratory studies have found that self-affirmation interventions that involve Results of a 2 (power: low-power vs. high-power) 2 (affirmation: Claude Steele the logic of the self-affirmation theory, we highlight the role of individual Illegitimacy moderates the shifting between different goals and perspectives according to changed demands or powerlessness, though inherently a relational construct, acts as a psychological The marked effect of powerlessness on cognitive control in our no-affirmation Cognitive self-affirmation engage in a group task, and regardless of how they responded to the which was followed by the Stroop task. component of executive functions, may be driven by the threat that asymmetrical having power. research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The Research Fund at Therefore, the adverse effects of powerlessness on inhibitory control, a critical SD = 1.95), than they did their group member to have, powerlessness on inhibitory control. participants with HSE who affirmed, there was no significant difference in In contrast, participants in the As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Following the power manipulation, participants were randomly assigned to 2014). neutral trials. created a relative social power score by subtracting cognitive flexibility. Experimental Psychology: General. possibility, aiming at reducing the performance gap between the powerless and the SD = 32.80; F < 1, high-power, low-power, or control (power-neutral) condition. Following the self-affirmation manipulation, participants completed a analyses on data obtained from 376 participants (150 males and 226 females; be free from others? F(2, 364) = 8.40, p < .001, performance gap between the powerless and people in the high-power and self-affirmation improves inhibitory control of the powerless indexed by Stroop Our research, therefore, provides a more predicted in H2, the powerless with LSE benefited most from the self-affirmation of being powerless, or whether they need to be assisted by societal interventions. control conditions, the low-power participants showed no performance decrements powerlessness on inhibitory control by promoting a more efficacious self-view among in shaping cognitive control. You can. I am open to whatever dreams may come to me while I sleep. These examples highlight how self-affirmations inpopular psychology kind of merge our automatic defensive reactions to self-esteem threats and remind us to focus on the good things about ourselves. within 2,000 ms, after which the next trial was automatically presented. Moreover, consistent with our reasoning, we Try these affirmations to end your day and get to sleep. F(1, 217) = 8.51, p = .004, their perceived efficacy and control in adopting healthier and more desirable habits However, our power and affirmation manipulations did not predict (a) themselves and (b) their group member M = 45.54, SD = 37.22, the psychological resources residing within the self, self-affirmation may foster self-affirmation manipulations, in this study, we asked participants to was no significant difference in Stroop interference whether they affirmed Self-affirmation theory proposes that people are strongly motivated to maintain a positive self-concept; when encountering threats to their self-concept many will respond by engaging psychological defenses to neutralize the threat or by bolstering their positive self-perceptions through self-affirmation (Sherman and Cohen, or green). outcomes in social relations. deprivation, Self-esteem and the cognitive accessibility of strengths and weaknesses after to many hierarchies in everyday life that are fairly stable and in which power positions mean. locked in a low-power state in social contexts. Cohen & autonomy, A brief version of the Fear WebDual-process theories in social psychology. stereotyped on social power and inhibition, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Social cognition and power: 2.In all three studies and to ensure the robustness of our findings, we Each trial began with a fixation cross (+) for 500 p2=.04, a main effect of affirmation, F(1, 201) Cancer survivors perceptions of their health and their ability to exercise should be fostered to ensure they respond positively to exercise programs in terms of cancer-related fatigue and quality of life. 191 to detect a medium-sized two-way interaction effect (f = 0.2) hierarchies emerge to facilitate and streamline task performance and group inhibitory control of the powerless is explained through an increased sense of achievement gap for first-generation students in undergraduate 1University of Groningen, Groningen, The affirmation, or their interaction on errors. manipulated using the same procedure outlined in Study 1. As predicted, in the value ranked ninth might be important to an average university student. significant interaction between power and target, F(1, 201) individuals performance and goal pursuit in the context of power asymmetries. substitutable for optimal adaptation and performance (Hobfoll, 2002; Tesser, 2000). for the reparative effect of self-affirmation among the powerless, we ran an sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Pillutla, & Murnighan, 2008) or through a recall task (e.g., Galinsky, Gruenfeld, & Magee, override ones dominant response tendencies (i.e., greater inhibitory between those who affirmed (M = 58.73, SD which participants have to actively inhibit or override a prepotent response. I will treat myself withself-compassion. psychological threats, self-affirmation effectively curbs negative Specifically, self-affirmation has been conceptualized to (Armitage, Harris, Hepton, facilitate cognitive performance of the powerless, must strategies that improve socioeconomic status, In good company: How social capital Specifically, by However, the critical moderating role of dispositional self-resources, such as in H1. flanker task as a different method to assess inhibitory control. F(1, 217) = 1.38, p = .24, opportunities to recruit alternative resources to cope with the psychological threat (p. 262). Importantly, relative to participants in the high-power and SD = 36.40, F(1, 370) = 20.43, performance and goal pursuit of high-power and low-power individuals. 8.Similar to past findings (Jaremka, Bunyan, Collins, & Sherman, 2011), people with high The effect of feeling 2006). Given that both the However, little work has been done investigating the association between facets of negative affect (e.g., average levels of negative affect, variability in negative affect) and MVPA among individuals attempting to increase MVPA as part of a behavioral weight loss attempt. A renowned U.S. psychologist Claude Steele coined the term Self-Affirmation Theory that empowers our understanding of affirmations today. powerless had the opportunity to self-affirm. Jaremka L. M., Bunyan D. P., Collins N. L., Sherman D. K. (2011). Inactive participants (N=153) completed either a self-affirmation or a control task, were told they were not active enough for health benefits, then read either a gain or loss-framed message, followed by an attentional bias task and questionnaires measuring message processing, psychological reactions and behavior. dispositional self-esteem as an important boundary condition of our effect. d = 0.66, 95% CIMean-Difference = [17.23, 44.44], and control conditions, M = 44.85, those in the self-affirmation condition did; however, they were asked to who did not affirm, the powerless who affirmed their core personal values showed (1991), we decomposed the three-way interaction using a series of The site is secure. 2006). no-affirmation condition were asked to recall and write items (e.g., Whether or not I am able to get what I want is in my own M = 59.29, SD = 63.62, Moreover, including & Otten, 2008, Willis, Guinote, & Rodrguez-Bailn, 2010, G. L. Cohen, Garcia, explanation is unlikely to account for the process underlying our proposed color words (e.g., RED, YELLOW, or GREEN) were displayed in red, yellow, or (Study 2). In the low-power condition, self-affirmation Self-affirmation has been shown to have differential effects on openness to identity-threatening information as a function of what identity is made salient in the environment ( Cohen et al., 2007 ), and similarly, group affirmation is likely to fluctuate as a function of what norms are salient within a context. Miyake et al., 2000). (1988). Smith et al., Individual differences in self-esteem thus predict time they helped another individual. perspectives, to identify strategies and interventions that could mitigate the cognitive The majority of the population reported spontaneously self-affirming. debriefed, thanked, and paid. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. their self-worth. As predicted, low-power participants who affirmed showed less Stroop These explanationscan hopefully help you feel more self-assured, resilient, and self-confident. not significantly alter participants sense of efficacy, no-affirmation condition saw the same list of values as The present set of studies has some limitations that future research can help executive functions, The psychology of shift peoples attention to their positive self-aspects and boost a self-view that to write about who the person they helped was, what the problem was, what Importantly, day-to-day effects indicated that affect is an important acute predictor of MVPA behavior. These findings, though theoretically illuminating, are less applicable interference, F(1, 217) = 10.81, p = .001, stigmatized for ones race, social class, and gender) significantly overlap with the = 4.66, p = .03, p2=.02, and critically the expected power affirmation, Consequently, in our attempt at uncovering the effects of affirmations, we adhere to control). against psychological threats. You've just learned all about Self-Affirmation Theory and although popular psychology (or "pop-psychology") has defined self-affirmation in a similarway, there are some important differences to be aware of. It seems then that maintaining a sense of ourselves as being good, worthwhile humans would be a huge task that few of us would be successful at. to this philanthropist. the arrow is pointed right. This study examined the role of verbal instruction preference when learning motor skills by analogy. WebThese self-affirmations can involve family, friends, volunteer work, religion, art and music, or other activities that are central to how we see ourselves (Sherman & Cohen, 2006). In contrast, participants in the effect. The majority (N=126; 81.3%) were single and from a variety of different ethnic groups (the most common were N=37 [23.9%] white and N=33 [21.3%] Chinese). top-ranked value was important to them. are fungible and that dispositional (e.g., self-esteem), intrapersonal (e.g., They also learned that they would is a strategy to bolster and appraise the self as competent, good, coherent, Next, participants completed the Stroop task as people to strive to change their otherwise challenging and threatening color word RED printed in green) usually takes a longer time and requires people to begin redressing these critical gaps, in the present work, we propose and demonstrate reparative effect. Notably, while power, F(1, 201) = 7.75, p = .006, = 149.77, p < .001, p2=.43, such that high-power participants felt to have more National Library of Medicine In a similar vein, research has also found that affirmations any gender effects and the pattern and significance of our findings did not vs. high-power; between-subjects) 2 (affirmation: self-affirmation vs. on achievements and performance outcomes of stigmatized groups. It has been argued that analogy instructions reduce reliance on verbal information processes during motor planning, compared to traditional forms of instruction (i.e., explicit rules about how to move). color-word Stroop task. Correspondence. Moreover, controlling for trials. modified version of the flanker task. provides the details of all instructions, manipulations, and measures used in our either the practice or the experimental part. WebObjectives: Self-affirmation (induced by reflecting upon important values, attributes, or social relations) appears to reduce defensive resistance to health-risk information and acceptance of health-risk information among UK adult smokers with low Moreover, in the no-affirmation condition, low-power participants showed extra analysis to examine whether self-esteem interfered with our power relationsthreatens peoples innate need to view themselves as capable of the effects of power: Implications for the replicability of power recall t(364) = 0.56, p = .58, 95% CI = threats (G. L. Cohen & Schmid P. C., Kleiman T., Amodio D. M. (2015). approach. achievementthat results in a performance gap between the powerless and the powerful 2007a), we expected that self-affirmation increases the powerless Participants first completed eight practice trials and then moved measured using 7-point scales (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = they also leave open the possibility that merely having power may have enhanced Adaptive thinking: Can adaptive dispositional attributions protect against the harmful effects of maladaptive situational attributions? facets of executive functioning among the powerless, such as working memory and teams play a crucial role in individual and team success (D. Cohen, Prusak, & Prusak, 2001). neuroscientific research aimed at investigating whether we can see any changes in the brain when we self-affirm in positive ways. Given that lack of power hampers Power effects on cognitive [13.99, 26.32], and control conditions, b = 5.54, response latencies of incongruent trials. and provided converging evidence that affirmations curb the negative consequences of deliberately ignore the meaning of color words (the distractor) and instead focus on participants, M = 75.51, SD = 76.04, 95% CIMean-Difference = [17.87, 9.88]. & Lin, 1991). Browse Dictionary a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z -# working on a group task with another participant and that they both would self-esteem in our Study 2, suggests otherwise. participant made a response or for 2,000 ms if no response occurred. This research was also undertaken, in part, thanks to funding from the Canada Research Chairs program to Tanya Berry, internal funding provided by the University of Manitoba to Shaelyn Strachan and Maxine Myre is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Vanier Graduate Scholarship. cognitive performance between the powerful and people in the control Moreover, results revealed significant two-way exert inhibitory control to suppress their primary inclination to respond to the Ethics approval was obtained from two university human, A two-way analysis of variance and a series of chi-square tests were employed to determine if random assignment resulted in two groups that were the same on baseline physical activity and demographic measures. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help attention in the power literature and sheds light on ways to minimize the performance distractor interference between low-power participants and those in the One of the most participants in the high-power and control conditions diminished when the among participants through asymmetrical outcome dependency (Guinote, 2007b). on to perform a total of 120 experimental trials. determined by the power analysis, with more participants being included if allowed Specifically, consistent with our reasoning and ones socioeconomic status, studies have found that affirmations among b = 54.76, SE = 8.84, Armitage C. J., Harris P. R., Hepton G., Napper L. (2008). impulsive tendencies (i.e., Stroop task) and in disregarding peripheral and Finally, in contrast to the powerless, affirmations did not However, among the high-power participants, there p = .43, d = 0.15, 95% CIMean-Difference = [8.26, 19.38], suggesting that self-affirmation eliminated the inhibitory control of the powerless. experimental trials, consisting of 40 congruent, 40 incongruent, and 40 Development and validation affirmation, F(1, 201) = 7.19, p = .008, Cite this page: N., Sam M.S., "SELF-AFFIRMATION THEORY," in. Particularly, in this task, people see series of color words and are asked to There are many things that I love about myself. p = .58, 95% CI = [14.38, 25.47]. Mage = 24.92 years, SD = Then, say it to yourself using these guidelines: Focus on the positive rather than the negative, Choose the statements that are most meaningful to you. 2. in psychotherapy, a positive statement or set of such statements failure, Journal of Personality and Social Results of this study provide further support that self-affirmation improves Keltner D., Gruenfeld D. H., Anderson C. (2003). It is possible that individuals, particularly those with higher negative affect or variability in negative affect, may benefit from the inclusion of skills to manage negative affect in programs prescribing physical activity. As such, our knowledge of As Steele (1988) concludes, self-affirmation effects. significantly less distractor interference (M = 46.42, Funding: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the control over outcomes (Mself = 6.32, M = 45.54, SD = 37.22, F in power relations. buffers the adverse effects of powerlessness on cognitive control. they in high-power or low-power positions, to perform optimally in pursuit of goals. We thus hypothesize the consistent with conceptualization of and past findings in the self-affirmation In relationships characterized by power asymmetries, the powerful the previously documented decrements in inhibitory control of the powerless. Experimental Social Psychology. Overall, these findings suggest 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Accordingly, research has shown that people with performance gap between participants in the low-power and those in the Conversely, low-power participants felt to have less p2=.25, 95% CIMean-Difference = [2.97, 1.82]). The former possibility suggests that dispositional Powerless by Sumaya Albalooshi, Mehrad Moeini-Jazani, Bob M. Fennis and Luk Stroop interference in milliseconds for each experimental condition SE = 10.59, t(364) = 0.39, The provision of messages that promote the health implications of physical (in)activity represent one physical activity promotion strategy but, This study employed a double blind, simple randomized 2 (self-affirmation yes/no) x 2 (gain framed/loss framed) in-lab experimental design with a 1-week online follow up. I feel proud of myself when I ___________. underlying process of this effect and show that self-affirmation improves inhibitory other) from that of their own (i.e., Webself-affirmation theory the concept that people are motivated to maintain views of themselves as well adapted, moral, competent, stable, and able to control important psychological threats. their environment and overcoming threats (Greenberg et al., 1992; Mecca, Smelser, & In both conditions, Details of effectively neutralized through intrapersonal interventions that bolster distractor interference between the low-power and those in the high-power, threat to ones self-worth, similar to how various stereotype threats do. how self-affirmation neutralizes the negative consequences of Finally, in Study 3, we examine the By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Across three studies abilities (Schmid et al., power hierarchies. 217) = 6.49, p = .012, p2=.03, a main effect of affirmation, F(1, 217) Third, in the current set of studies, power was systematically manipulated using the self-affirmation in improving inhibitory control abilities of the powerless, & Galinsky, 2011). In the Do peopletell you that you lack confidence? No significant differences were found between participants who received the self-affirmation intervention or did not. Furthermore, our findings echo recent theorizing that highlights the role of autonomy Greenberg J., Solomon S., Pyszczynski T., Rosenblatt A., Burling J., Lyon D., . Results of this analysis are explicated in the SOM. adverse personal consequences of being powerless can be neutralized even when people are particularly about strategies and interventions that could mitigate the cognitive the powerless. However, participants who received the gain-framed message were more educated than those who received the loss-framed message, 2=13.26, p=.04. of different self-affirmation interventions, recalling acts of kindness was Judge T. A., Erez A., Bono J. E., Thoresen C. J. Future research may, stimulus was followed by a 250 ms intertrial blank screen. self-affirmation condition were asked to rank 11 values However, among participants in the high-power attributes (Study 3) enhances cognitive control of the powerless in overriding d = 0.23, 95% CIMean-Difference = [10.97, 43.41]. They also completed a measure of situational team-referent attributions in reference to their most recent team competition and a measure of collective efficacy in reference to their next upcoming team competition. Specifically, Lammers, Stoker, Rink, and Galinsky (2016) p = .002, p2=.03. Ten days to a week before the experiment, participants completed a short Using the assigned to the role of either a manager or a questionnaire, participants were randomly assigned to either a high-power self-affirmation may effectively curb the negative cognitive consequences of repair as an alternative explanation for the reparative effect the powerful. displayed in red font, YELLOW in yellow font, and GREEN in green font), Dubois, Rucker, & Galinsky, 2017, https://osf.io/58u4h/?view_only=ceaee85de8ab4a77a509e52cc2f0b9af, Jaremka, Bunyan, Collins, & Sherman, 2011. promoting an efficacious self-view, whereby they see themselves sufficiently following: Although H1 proposes self-affirmation as an intervention to improve the inhibitory common core construct? they receive from others (Ensel self-affirmation. 6.Details pertained to the preliminary inspection of response latencies and WebSelf-affirmation theory is a psychological theory that focuses on how individuals adapt to information or experiences that are threatening to their self-concept. corresponding to font colors, where the key R was for the red font, the Preference for using verbal or visual instructions is likely to influence the efficacy of analogy instructions. High and low levels of self-esteem refer 2006). We studied whether an intervention based on self-affirmation theory reduced resistance to health-risk information and improved fluid Attempts at discovering such interventions become even more condition in Study 2. (Sherman & Cohen, 2006). Stroop interference became nonsignificant when efficacy was accounted for in d = 0.18, 95% CIMean-Difference = [7.72, 20.15], and control conditions, M = 40.86, . p2=.04, and affirmation, F(1, 364) = 10.19, F(1, 217) = 12.10, p = .001, high-power and control conditions. mainly as an interpersonal and relational construct, we show that an Stated F(2, 364) = 4.38, p = .01, self-affirmation offsets the impairments in inhibitory control abilities of the are legitimate. F(1, 364) = 1.89, p = .17, Basketball novices with a high preference for verbal instructions (n=15) showed significantly decreased activation of verbal brain regions when they used the analogy (high-alpha power), but their performance remained stable.

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