which of the following was a progressive era reform

The Progressive Party wanted to put more power into the hands of the average American citizen. answer choices Judicial authority expanding to include administering local elections. Links. Congress enacted a law regulating railroads in 1887 (the Interstate Commerce Act), and one preventing large firms from controlling a single industry in 1890 (the Sherman Antitrust Act). [36], Robert M. La Follette, and his family, were the dominant forces of progressivism in Wisconsin from the late 1890s to the early 1940s. William A. In the 1940s typically historians saw the Progressive Era as a prelude to the New Deal and dated it from 1901 (when Roosevelt became president) to the start of World War I in 1914 or 1917. Their concept of national democracy rested on the hope that the states and Congress might counteract the centralizing alliance between national parties and the trusts. 17th Amendment Overview & History | What Is the 17th Amendment? According to James Wright, the typical Progressive agenda at the state level included: A reduction of corporate influence, open processes of government and politics, equity entrance in taxation, efficiency in government mental operation, and an expanded, albeit limited, state responsibility to the citizens who are most vulnerable and deprived. Progressivism, on the other hand, was a later movement. [200] In combination with the racist attitudes of the time, there was a fear that large numbers of unskilled, low-paid workers would defeat the union's efforts to raise wages through collective bargaining. Wickersham to Taft August 23, 1912 in Record, p 179. Wyoming [228][229] In the South, especially in Texas, prohibition was a top priority of the Protestant progressives.[230][231]. [176] In Wisconsin, the stronghold of Robert La Follette, the Wisconsin Idea used the state university as a major source of ideas and expertise. [245] Alternatively called home arts, the major curriculum reform in women's education was influenced by the publication of Treatise on Domestic Economy, written by Catherine Beecher in 1843. State leaders included Governor Charles B. Aycock, who led both the educational and the white supremacy crusades; diplomat Walter Hines Page; and educator Charles Duncan McIver. The 18th Amendment was repealed on Dec. 5, 1933, with the 21st Amendment, the only amendment to ever repeal another in the history of America. [233] Agitation for prohibition began during the Second Great Awakening in the 1840s when crusades against drinking originated from evangelical Protestants. All of the following laid foundations for Progressivism EXCEPT: answer choices Prohibitionism Social Darwinism Populism COS, Social Gospel, and Settlement House Movements Question 4 30 seconds Q. [258] The Catholics strongly opposed birth control proposals such as eugenics.[259]. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 | Overview, Summary & History, The Ohio Constitution & the Structure of the US Government, American Industry Development in the Gilded Age: Bessemer Process, Scientific Management & New Business Models. Johnson, Earl. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Like the Populists, who flourished at the end of the 19th century, the progressives invoked the Preamble to the Constitution to assert their purpose of making We the Peoplethe whole peopleeffective in strengthening the federal governments authority to regulate society and the economy. [124], With the decrease in standard working hours, urban families had more leisure time. Folsom, Burton W. "Tinkerers, tipplers, and traitors: ethnicity and democratic reform in Nebraska during the Progressive era. The major new face was Herbert Hoover. This was done through the Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Act of 1914, and the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. The 33 seldom competed with each other. A single mother living in a tenement receives a pension from the government to support her and her children., Americans were not allowed to make, sell, or transport alcohol. The most important Republican was Jonathan Bourne Jr. (senator 19071913 and national leader of progressive causes 19111912). [52] He was the first to demonstrate the practicality and profitability of managing forests for continuous cropping. [137] Dating became a new way of courting during the Progressive Era and moved youth into a more romantic way of viewing marriage and relationships. Progressive Era reformers sought to harness the power of the federal government to eliminate unethical and unfair business practices, reduce corruption, and counteract the negative social effects of industrialization. [18] Most of the muckrakers wrote nonfiction, but fictional exposs often had a major impact as well, such as those by Upton Sinclair. Across the nation, middle-class women organized on behalf of social reforms during the Progressive Era. The group had some success by 1900, as more than half the states allowed women to vote in the local elections. Hiram Johnson, the reform Republican governor of California, became Roosevelt's running mate. [282] Women consolidated their gains after the success of the suffrage movement, and moved into causes such as world peace,[283] good government, maternal care (the SheppardTowner Act of 1921),[284] and local support for education and public health. The main motivation was to reduce the power of political bosses, who controlled the Senate seats by virtue of their control of state legislatures. Joe Locke, "Making the Bible Belt: Preachers, Prohibition, and the Politicization of Southern Religion, 18771918" (PhD dissertation, Rice University, 2012). [235] The Anti-Saloon League which began in Ohio was formed in 1893, uniting activists from different religious groups. However, presidential nominations depended chiefly on state party conventions until 1972. ", Mina Roces, "Filipino Elite Women and Public Health in the American Colonial Era, 19061940." [17] Another factor contributing to the dramatic upswing in magazine circulation was the prominent coverage of corruption in politics, local government, and big business, particularly by journalists and writers who became known as muckrakers. Second, in keeping with these new principles, progressives called for the reconstruction of American politics, hitherto dominated by localized parties, so that a more direct link was formed between government officials and public opinion. Activism during this time period resulted in multiple amendments to the Constitution which impacted change at the federal level. [34] Additionally, the middle class (most notably women) began to move away from prior Victorian era domestic values. Above all, that commitment to remaking American democracy looked to the strengthening of the public sphere. Increasingly skeptical of the capacity of social welfare legislation to remedy social ills, Croly argued that America's liberal promise could be redeemed only by syndicalist reforms involving workplace democracy. [285] The work was not nearly as dramatic as the suffrage crusade, but women voted[286] and operated quietly and effectively. succeed. In 1913, while revolutionaries took control of the government, Wilson judged them to be immoral, and refused to acknowledge the in-place government on that reason alone. According to Gene Clanton's study of Kansas, populism and progressivism had a few similarities but different bases of support. [157] These Progressive reforms were soon replicated in other states, including Idaho, Washington, and Wisconsin, and today roughly half of U.S. states have initiative, referendum and recall provisions in their state constitutions. [100], Ohio was distinctive for municipal reform in the major cities, especially Toledo, Cleveland, Columbus, and Dayton. [10] Most of its activists had opposed populism. Four years after publication of The Brass Check, the first code of ethics for journalists was created. The Democrats lowered tariffs with the Underwood Tariff in 1913, though its effects were overwhelmed by the changes in trade caused by the World War that broke out in 1914. Resources. Many labor unions, trade groups, and professional, civic, and religious associations were founded. Learn the definition of the Progressive Era and about the four Progressive Era amendments. This illegal behavior began almost in conjunction with prohibition being voted into law. [142][143] Typical projects involved upgrading schools, modernizing church operations, expanding business opportunities, fighting for a larger share of state budgets, and engaging in legal action to secure equal rights. The Progressive Era touched nearly every facet of American life, including labor reform, increased government regulation, and expansion of democracy. As presidential candidate in 1916 he lost after alienating the California progressives. [122][123], The purity of food, milk, and drinking water became a high priority in the cities. Government officials responding to the needs of voters more readily. I feel like its a lifeline. [169] Many cities set up municipal reference bureaus to study the budgets and administrative structures of local governments. Just as military conscription provided basic economic security and instilled a sense of duty to confront a nations enemies, so James called for the draft of the whole youthful population to form for a certain number of years a part of the army enlisted against Nature, which would do the rugged jobs required of a peaceful industrial society. Timeline of major events during the Progressive Era. "Politics in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era." Which of the following was one effect of the Progressive Era political reforms of initiative, referendum, and recall? [fact or opinion? La Follette's refusal to support Roosevelt, and especially his suicidal ranting speech before media leaders in February 1912, alienated many progressives. 7700270. "[155], Legal historian Herbert Hovenkap argues that while many early Progressives inherited the racism of Jim Crow, as they began to innovate their own ideas, they would embrace behaviorism, cultural relativism, and marginalism, which stress environmental influences on humans rather than biological inheritance. [31], A hallmark group of the Progressive Era, the middle class became the driving force behind much of the thought and reform that took place in this time. He wanted a city manager form of government in which outside experts would bring efficiency while elected officials would have little direct power, and bribery would not prevail. Unfortunately, women's suffrage fell by the wayside as abolition and the Civil War gained momentum and, according to some, took priority. The Progressives argued the need for government regulation of business practices to ensure competition and free enterprise. "The SheppardTowner act: Progressivism in the 1920s. In 1905 the legislature elected him to the United States Senate, where he emerged as a national progressive leader, often clashing with conservatives like Senator Nelson Aldrich. Allen F. Davis, "The social workers and the progressive party, 1912-1916. Place the following Progressive accomplishments in chronological order. The reform of schools and other educational institutions was one of the prime concerns of the middle class during this period. Identify the statements that describe workmen's compensation laws enacted by 1913. As a result, many large corporations were opposed to immigration restrictions. The progressive solution was the "open" primary by which any citizen could vote, or the "closed" primary limited to party members. They worked to limit child labor in the textile mills, and supported public health campaigns to eradicate hookworm and other debilitating diseases. Social change includes the 18th amendment, which responded to rising problems related to alcohol in the 20th century, and banned the sale, manufacturing and transportation of alcohol. Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran and Alan Lessoff. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner, the most famous professor, quit and went to Harvard. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. [164], In New Jersey, on the other hand, the party leaders introduced the primary in every county by 1902. Activists, called progressives, began pushing for social, political, and economic reform across the country. The result was a permanent closing of red light districts in major cities. He promoted a strong army and navy and attacked pacifists who thought democracy at home and peace abroad was best served by keeping America weak. In 1906, Sinclair acquired particular fame for his classic muck-raking novel The Jungle, which exposed labor and sanitary conditions in the U.S. meatpacking industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Write the problem in vertical form. Paul Fass, speaking of youth, says "Progressivism as an angle of vision, as an optimistic approach to social problems, was very much alive. Thanks to the 17th Amendment, Americans were given the power to vote directly for the people who represented them in the House of Representatives and the Senate. U'Ren also helped in the passage of an amendment in 1908 that gave voters power to recall elected officials, and would go on to establish, at the state level, popular election of U.S. It might sound reasonable, but in reality, this was a problem for many Americans. in. "[198] Wickersham realized the problem but Taft never did. However, candidates who competed in the primaries and lost were prohibited from running as independents in the fall election. Judson A. Grenier, "Muckraking the muckrakers: Upton Sinclair and his peers." The Progressive Era (18961917) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and inefficiency. He challenged Taft for the Republican presidential nomination in the 1912 presidential election, but his candidacy was overshadowed by Theodore Roosevelt. From 1863 to 1899, manufacturing production rose by more than 800 percent. [120] Local public assistance programs were reformed to try to keep families together. To prevent factionalism within the Democratic Party, Southern states began implementing primaries. The largest numbers of immigrants arriving in the United States were from southern and eastern Europen. Monopolies were broken up due to violation of federal law. ", Ira M. Wasserman, "Prohibition and ethnocultural conflict: The Missouri prohibition referendum of 1918.". The Progressive Era Movement definition is a period where the United States went through significant social and political reform. Out of the . One of the most significant reflections of change in the United States during this time is shown in the amendments, or changes made to the Constitution. 5802602. The work helped turn elite public opinion against the Standard Oil monopoly.[59]. Sandbrook, Dominic. Progressives argued these needs deserved a higher priority. Cities became the breeding ground for not only disease but also crime and poverty. The Philippines was a major target for the progressive reformers. As membership grew it worked with other private organizations to petition the state legislature, which was not responsive. Jack B. Rogers and Robert E. Blade, "The Great Ends of the Church: Two Perspectives". [242][243][244], A new field of study, the art and science of homemaking, emerged in the Progressive Era in an effort to feminize women's education in the United States. The electorate in each state voted for people to represent them in their state legislature (their state's government), and the state legislature was then responsible for electing that state's two senators. You've probably heard the terms 'Progressive Movement' or 'Progressive Era,' but what exactly does it mean to be progressive? [24][25] Scientific management, as promulgated by Frederick Winslow Taylor, became a watchword for industrial efficiency and elimination of waste, with the stopwatch as its symbol. With the support of the Socialist Party, farmer's groups, labor unions, and others, La Follette was strong in Wisconsin, and to a much lesser extent in the West. The businessmen believed that economic rivalries were cause of war, and that extensive trade led to an interdependent world that would make war a very expensive and useless anachronism. Woodrow Wilson was at one point the President of the National Short ballot Organization. Standard Oil was widely hated. The act established an agency responsible for federal workers' compensation, which was transferred to the Labor Department in the 1940s and has become known as the Office of Workers' Compensation Programs.[135]. Political machines also impacted the legitimacy of votes, which was one reason reformers vote for political change. "[266] The slogan was no longer accurate by April 6 of the following year, when Wilson surprised much of the Progressive base that twice elected him and asked a joint session of Congress to declare war on Germany. [260] Historians have moved back in time emphasizing the Progressive reformers at the municipal[261] and state[262] levels in the 1890s. His Iowa successes included establishing the direct primary to allow voters to select candidates instead of bosses; outlawing free railroad passes for politicians; imposing a two-cents-per-mile railway maximum passenger fare; imposing pure food and drug laws; and abolishing corporate campaign contributions. "Review of Jones, Marian Moser, Paul R. Amato, and Shelley Irving, "Historical trends in divorce in the United States." Let A\mathbf{A}A and B\mathbf{B}B be 333 \times 333 matrices with A=3|\mathbf{A}|=3A=3 and B=4|\mathbf{B}|=-4B=4. Take a few moments to picture life during that time. Let's take a couple of moments to review what we've learned! [234] Evangelicals precipitated the second wave of prohibition legislation during the 1880s, which had as its aim local and state prohibition. La Follette supported many of his Wilson's domestic programs in Congress. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you During World War I, the Progressives strongly promoted Americanization programs, designed to modernize the recent immigrants and turn them into model American citizens, while diminishing loyalties to the old country. Wickersham and his staff, all expert lawyers, were not experts in business management. State Executive Committee. It emerged after the 1890s from the urban business and professional communities. Advocates of home economics argued that homemaking, as a profession, required education and training for the development of an efficient and systematic domestic practice. From hounding and driving prosperous businessman to beggery and suicide, to holding up and plundering widows and orphans, the little dealer in the country and the crippled peddler on the highwayall this is entered into the exploits of this organized gang of commercial bandits. [241] The prohibition era gangsters outlasted the law and used it as a starting point to launch their criminal enterprises. Taft's four years had 54 civil and 36 criminal suits and Taft's prosecutor secured 55 convictions and 35 acquittals. Wilson used a similar moralistic tone when dealing with Mexico. The institution of the initiative and referendums made it possible to pass laws without the involvement of the legislature, while the recall allowed for the removal of corrupt or under-performing officials, and the direct primary let people democratically nominate candidates, avoiding the professionally dominated conventions. CORRECT:* the requirement for state government to provide employment for the unemployed* a referendum to increase taxes on the wealthy------------------------------------- Prohibition was backed by the Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, Scandinavian Lutherans and other evangelical churches. The Socialists, with a strong German and union base in Milwaukee, joined the progressives in statewide politics. in, Nancy C. Unger, "The Political Suicide of Robert M. La Follette: Public Disaster, Private Catharsis", Nancy C. Unger, "The Political Suicide of Robert M. La Follette: Public Disaster, Private Catharsis" Psychohistory Review 21#2 (1993) pp. Corrupt and undemocratic political machines and their bosses were a major target, as were business monopolies which progressives worked to regulate of through methods such as trustbusting and antitrust laws, to promote equal competition for the advantage of legitimate competitors. Two important groups were formed during this period. Relying on their own investigative journalism, muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption. It prohibited the manufacturing, sale or transport of intoxicating beverages within the United States, as well as import and export. The Wisconsin Idea was the commitment of the University of Wisconsin under President Charles R. Van Hise, with LaFollette support, to use the university's powerful intellectual resources to develop practical progressive reforms for the state and indeed for the nation. [7], Another theme was bringing to bear scientific, medical, and engineering solutions to reform local government, public education, medicine, finance, insurance, industry, railroads, churches, and much else. Weegy: Pushing for civil rights for African Americans was a Progressive Era reform. The direct primary made it possible to mobilize voters against the previously dominant political machines. [177], As late as 1920, half the population lived in rural areas. [184][185], Numerous other programs were aimed at rural youth, including 4-H clubs,[186] Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts. Richard Jensen and Mark Friedberger, "Education and Social Structure: An Historical Study of Iowa, 18701930" (Chicago: Newberry Library, 1976, Ballard Campbell, "Economic Causes of Progressivism,", Vincent W. Howard, "Woodrow Wilson, The Press, and Presidential Leadership: Another Look at the Passage of the Underwood Tariff, 1913,", James C German Jr "The Taft administration and the Sherman Antitrust Act,", George W. Wickersham, "Recent Interpretation of the Sherman Act.". William B. Wilson was appointed as the first Secretary of Labor on March 5, 1913, by President Wilson. The American reformers blamed peasant resistance to landownership for the law's failure and argued that large plantations and sharecropping was the Philippines' best path to development. 187220, William H. Harbaugh, "Roosevelt, Theodore (27 October 1858 06 January 1919)", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShesol2010 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShoemaker2004 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHenretta2006 (, James A. Henretta, "Charles Evans Hughes and the strange death of liberal America.". The U.S. Supreme Court declared the white primary unconstitutional in Smith v. Allwright in 1944. Those industrial combinations created the perception that opportunities were not equally available in the United States and that growing corporate power threatened the freedom of individuals to earn a living. [269] Link's argument for continuity through the 1920s stimulated a historiography that found Progressivism to be a potent force. [150][151][152] As white Progressives sought to help the white working class, clean up politics, and improve the cities, the country instated the system of racial segregation known as Jim Crow. Utah, Lincoln Steffens was another investigative journalist and one of the leading muckrakers. A 1907 report to Secretary of War Taft provided a summary of what the American civil administration had achieved. While the Oregon System was very successful, identify the two issues that broke the alliance between the middle-class urbanites, and workers and farmers. The 16th amendment made an income tax legal (this required an amendment due to Article One, Section 9 of the Constitution, which required that direct taxes be laid on the States in proportion to their population as determined by the decennial census). The "Oregon Plan" was an effort to restore grassroots democracy, which included the voter's ability to initiate legislation and a referendum where legislation could be voted on by popular vote. The Progressive ERa is defined as a historical era because the time period is characterized by the ~ answer choices shrinking of the Us.S. [165], The Northeast was laggard in adopting the direct primary, with Connecticut and Rhode Island the last states to sign up. Log in for more information. But progressives sought to hitch the will of the people to a strengthened national administrative power, which was anathema to the Populists. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Jamess proposal for a national service was not as ambitious as the one found in Bellamys utopian society; moreover, James called for an all-male draft, thus ignoring Bellamys vision of greater gender equality, which inspired progressive thinkers such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman. [33] Along these lines, the founder of Hull-House, Jane Addams, coined the term "association" as a counter to Individualism, with association referring to the search for a relationship between the classes. The War Prohibition Act, November 1918, forbade the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages (more than 2.75% alcohol content) until the end of demobilization. National Expansion and Reform, 1815 - 1880 Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-1877 Rise of Industrial America, 1876-1900 Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 Overview Automobiles in the Progressive and New Eras In 1893, membership in the National American Woman Suffrage Association stood at 13,000. [193] Wilson helped end the long battles over the trusts with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914. They often proposed city ownership of the transit lines, but the homeowners were reluctant to save a penny on fares by paying more dollars in property taxes [101], Dayton, Ohio, was under the reform leadership of John Patterson, the hard-charging chief executive of National Cash Register company. Attacks by Tarbell and others helped pave the way for public acceptance of the breakup of the company by the Supreme Court in 1911. in David R Colburn and Sandra Pozzetta, eds., Arlene F. Kantor, "Upton Sinclair and the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906.: 'I aimed at the public's heart and by accident, I hit it in the stomach'. According to Wendy Rouse, feminists sought to raise awareness about the sexual harassment and violence that women faced on the street, at work, and in the home. A leading Republican, Cummins fought to break up monopolies. Effects of Progressive Reforms. Advertisement Advertisement He managed to convince lawmakers on the issues of money and banking by the creation in 1913 of the Federal Reserve System, a complex businessgovernment partnership that to this day dominates the financial world. What happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s?, Putnam, Jackson K. The Persistence of Progressivism in the 1920s: The Case of California., Zieger, Robert H. "Labor, Progressivism, and Herbert Hoover in the 1920's. These amendments addressed political corruption, voting rights, and alcohol consumption. The government also ratified the 19th amendment which gave women the right to vote. [264], Much less settled is the question of when the era ended. Close ties were built with the local business community, as in the "community chest" movement. [161], The first primary elections came in the Democratic Party in the South starting in Louisiana in 1892. [268] However, as Arthur S. Link emphasized, the Progressives did not simply roll over and play dead. [81] Furthermore, Southern Democrats in Congress gave strong support to President Wilson's reforms. The unions wanted restrictions on judges who intervened in labor disputes, usually on the side of the employer. [281], Historians of women and of youth emphasize the strength of the Progressive impulse in the 1920s. He tried, without success, to lower the high protective tariff in Washington. He drew from the American past a history of resistance to capitalist wage relations that was fundamentally liberal, and he reclaimed an idea that progressives had allowed to lapsethat working for wages was a lesser form of liberty. His leadership put the conservation of forests high on America's priority list. [56], Upton Sinclair was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. After his death in 1925 his two sons took over the party. The Roosevelt in approach incorporated a near-mystical faith of the ennobling nature of war. [38] Starting as a loyal organizational Republican, he broke with the bosses in the late 1890s, built up a network of local organizers loyal to him, and fought for control of the state Republican Party, with mixed success. The leadership of the GOP in Congress moved to the right, as did his protg President William Howard Taft. Starting in the 1880s, the labor unions aggressively promoted restrictions on immigration, especially restrictions on Chinese, Japanese and Korean immigrants. [207] At a deeper level, Roosevelt truly believed that arbitration was a nave solution and the great issues had to be decided by warfare. Identify the statement that reflects the message of the cartoon, which was one of the central goals of the Roosevelt administration.

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