did catherine de medici have a daughter named clarissa

In 1536, Henry's older brother, Francis, caught a chill after a game of tennis, contracted a fever and died shortly after, leaving Henry the heir. [4] Without Catherine, it is unlikely that her sons would have remained in power. Her three other daughters did survive to adulthood. Catherine was also eager for a match between one of her two youngest sons and Elizabeth I of England. Knecht 1998, p. 28, gives the English translation ""The girl has been given to me stark naked." In what has been called a coup d'tat, the Cardinal of Lorraine and the Duke of Guisewhose niece, Mary, Queen of Scots, had married Francis II the year beforeseized power the day after Henry II's death and quickly moved themselves into the Louvre Palace with the young couple. After her brother's premature death in 1519, she educated his daughter Catherine, the future Queen of France . Catherine sent Pomponne de Bellivre to Navarre to arrange Margaret's return. Catherine and the king then beat her, ripping her nightclothes and pulling out handfuls of her hair.[71]. She reappeared after a few hours and declared that she would offer her other daughter Margaret in marriage to King Philip. She had always enjoyed her visits to Claude, and now that would never be the same. [35] There is reason to believe she was party to the decision when on 23 August Charles IX is said to have ordered, "Then kill them all! Her essentially moderate influence was first perceptible during the Conspiracy of Amboise (March 1560), an instance of tumultuous petitioning by the Huguenot gentry, primarily against Guisard persecution in the name of the King. In 1578, she took on the task of pacifying the south. Catherine visited the deathbed of Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, after he was fatally wounded by an arquebus shot. She was left with a desire for revenge against her mother, saving Mary, Queen of Scots from Colin MacPhail when Catherine sent Colin to rape her in 1557; she then helped Colin in attempting to escape from prison by marking another prisoner for death in his stead. Henry VIII was king of England and still (mostly) happily married to Catherine of Aragon. Sebastian instead had Clarissa poisoned to fulfill Nostradamus' prophecy that Mary's arrival at the French court would cause Catherine's firstborn's death; Clarissa was technically Catherine's first child, and her death supposedly saved the sickly Prince Francis, the oldest legitimate child, from his own death. How old was Catherine de Medici when she got married? [40] Nevertheless, all his official acts began with the words: "This being the good pleasure of the Queen, my lady-mother, and I also approving of every opinion that she holdeth, am content and command that". Catherine de' Medici was born Caterina Maria Romula de' Medici[7] on 13 April 1519 in Florence, Republic of Florence, the only child of Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and his wife, Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, the countess of Boulogne. 16th-century Italian noblewoman and queen consort of France, Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in. Both of her parents died within weeks of her birth, leaving her an orphan. Henry's reign also saw the rise of the Guise brothers, Charles, who became a cardinal, and Henry's boyhood friend Francis, who became Duke of Guise. The fourteen-year-old couple left their wedding ball at midnight to perform their nuptial duties. [120], Beyond portraiture, little is known about the painting at Catherine de' Medici's court. [55] The royal army struck back quickly and laid siege to Huguenot-held Rouen. Historian Frances Yates has called her "a great creative artist in festivals. She was Queen of France from 1547 to 1559 by marriage to King Henry II and the mother of French kings Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. She died on 27 March 1615.2. [45] Neither saw the need to punish Protestants who worshipped in private and did not take up arms. Now she sought a marriage between Margaret and Henry III of Navarre, Jeanne's son, with the aim of uniting Valois and Bourbon interests. For the next ten days, Henry's state fluctuated. [119] After Catherine's death, a decline in the quality of French portraiture set in. [35] Henry reeled out of the clash, his face pouring blood, with splinters "of a good bigness" sticking out of his eye and head. She took to her bed with a fever. What was Catherine de Medici best known for? Hoogvliet, Margriet. He called her not only the mother of the king but the mother of the state. She was born in Florence, Italy, on April 13, 1519. "[106] As usual, Catherine advised the king, who had fled the city in the nick of time, to compromise and live to fight another day. On 15 June 1588, Henry duly signed the Act of Union, which gave in to all the League's latest demands. He was tried in November, found guilty of offences against the crown, and sentenced to death. "[111] Catherine's immediate reaction is not known; but on Christmas Day, she told a friar, "Oh, wretched man! In 1593, Henry proposed an annulment of their marriage because he desperately needed an heir. Pettegree, 154; Hoogvliet, 105. In 1568, she was beaten, punched and had her hair pulled out by Catherine and her brother Charles after a secret affair with Henry of Guise. It spread to many parts of France, where it persisted into the autumn. [4] Some time later, she gave birth to Francis . At first, Catherine compromised and made concessions to the rebelling Calvinist Protestants, or Huguenots, as they became known. Surgeons saved her life by breaking the legs of Jeanne, who died in her womb. Catherine travelled to Chtellerault where she bid farewell to her 13-year-old daughter. Henry of Navarre, son of Jeanne dAlbret, and Margaret of Valois, Catherines daughter. Jeanne finally agreed to the marriage between her son and Margaret, so long as Henry could remain a Huguenot. [76] Coligny was carried to his lodgings at the Htel de Bthisy, where the surgeon Ambroise Par removed a bullet from his elbow and amputated a damaged finger with a pair of scissors. The Parisians, however, claimed the right to defend the city themselves. According to the diplomat Simon Renard, the birth nearly killed Catherine,[150] and the royal couple were advised by the King's physician to have no further children. Her two children: Franoise de Brz and Louise de Brz. Victoire died just under two months later on 17 August. Catherine asked Henry to act before Margaret brought shame on them again. Nevertheless, popular culture frequently attributes Italian culinary influence and forks in France to Catherine. Catherine de Medici was the queen consort of Henry II of France (154759) and regent of France. [52] On 1 March 1562, however, in an incident known as the Massacre of Vassy, the Duke of Guise and his men attacked worshipping Huguenots in a barn at Vassy (Wassy), killing 74 and wounding 104. She herself supervised their education. At the meeting of the Estates, Henry thanked Catherine for all she had done. Possibly Catherines most concrete achievement was the Edict of January 1562, which followed the failure of reconciliation. Piero II de Medici+ b. The long-term future of the Valois dynasty, which had ruled France since the 14th century, seemed assured. She was later captured after villagers accused her of stealing, and she was about to be hanged when King Henry's son Sebastian de Poitiers interceded and decided to bring her to court to face trial. On 18 February 1563, a spy called Poltrot de Mr fired an arquebus into the back of the Duke of Guise, at the siege of Orlans. The years during which her sons reigned have been called "the age of Catherine de' Medici" since she had extensive, if at times varying, influence in the political life of France.[1]. After becoming pregnant once, Catherine had no trouble doing so again. Clarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of Frances boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. On 27 September 1567, in a swoop known as the Surprise of Meaux, Huguenot forces attempted to ambush the king, triggering renewed civil war. Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: Caterina de Medici, Catherine de Mdicis, Emeritus Professor of Early Modern History, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London. [124] Owing to its synthesis of dance, music, verse, and setting, the production of the Ballet Comique de la Reine in 1581 is regarded by scholars as the first authentic ballet. Henry was carried to the Chteau de Tournelles, where five splinters of wood were extracted from his head, one of which had pierced his eye and brain. Of the chateaus she designed herselfincluding the TuileriesChenonceaux was her unfinished masterpiece. She inflicts her emotional pain on her mother and her siblings upon her arrival. Henry wrote a note to Villeroy, which began: "Villeroy, I remain very well contented with your service; do not fail however to go away to your house where you will stay until I send for you; do not seek the reason for this my letter, but obey me." Knecht 1998, p. 28, gives likely incorrect dates of 25 September 1533 for the death of Pope Clement VII and 12 October for the election of Pope Paul III. On 17 August 1563, Charles IX was declared of age at the Parlement of Rouen, but he was never able to rule on his own and showed little interest in government. The throne of France was held by Francis I, also known as Francis [48], Charles IX was nine years old at the time of his coronation, during which he cried. Catherine delayed her daughters departure as much as she could, but they finally set out of for Spain on 18 November 1559. On her visit to Rome, the Venetian envoy described Catherine as "small of stature, and thin, and without delicate features, but having the protruding eyes peculiar to the Medici family". In the words of historian R. J. Knecht, "she underestimated the strength of religious conviction, imagining that all would be well if only she could get the party leaders to agree". The most famous of Catherines daughters was born on 14 May 1553. Thus began her lifelong struggleexplicit in her correspondencewith these extremists who, supported by Spain and the papacy, sought to dominate the crown and extinguish its independence in the commingled interests of European Catholicism and personal aggrandizement. This afforded the Calvinists licensed coexistence with specific safeguards. Labouvie suggested that women's power was believed to be the ability to create and sustain life, whilst witches were believed to have the opposite power; that of attacking health, life and fertility. Blunt calls Caron's style "perhaps the purest known type of Mannerism in its elegant form, appropriate to an exquisite but neurotic society." Unlike his brothers, he came to the throne as a grown man. By 1610, the school patronised by the late Valois court and brought to its pinnacle by Franois Clouet had all but died out. "As the daughter of the Medici," suggests French art historian Jean-Pierre Babelon, "she was driven by a passion to build and a desire to leave great achievements behind her when she died. "[83], Henry was Catherine's favourite son. Art historian Henri Zerner has called this monument "the last and most brilliant of the royal tombs of the Renaissance. His life was saved by the illness and death of the king, as a result of an infection or an abscess in his ear. Once in control of the royal purse, she launched a programme of artistic patronage that lasted for three decades. On 16 October 1568, Catherine wrote to Elisabeths husband to offer advice during Elisabeths pregnancy. Where was Catherine de Medici born and raised? Its principal purpose was to execute the edict and, through a meeting at Bayonne in June 1565, to seek to strengthen peaceful relations between the crown and Spain and to negotiate for Charless marriage to Elizabeth of Austria. [85] Catherine did all in her power to bring Francis back into the fold. Both of her parents died within weeks of her birth, leaving her an orphan. The treaty was sealed by the betrothal of Catherine's thirteen-year-old daughter Elisabeth to Philip II of Spain. After the Edict of Beaulieu, they had started forming local leagues to protect their religion. Meanwhile, Cond raised an army and in autumn 1560 began attacking towns in the south. [23] This proved that Henry was fertile and added to the pressure on Catherine to produce a child. Rumours immediately spread that Catherine had ordered Joans death, but she had nothing to gain the wedding contract had already been signed. The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting. She wrote to her daughter Elisabeth: "My principal aim is to have the honour of God before my eyes in all things and to preserve my authority, not for myself, but for the conservation of this kingdom and for the good of all your brothers". It is essential to understand this in order to discern the coherence of her career. During this time, she presided over a distinctive late French Renaissance culture in all branches of the arts. Clarissa educated Catherine, along with her own children, and Catherine was happy in her new atmosphere living with her aunt. She was just 11 years old when she married Charles, Duke of Lorraine in January 1559 in a splendid ceremony at the Notre-Dame. It was only after Leo's death in 1521, that his successor, Adrian VI, restored the duchy to its rightful owner, Francesco Maria I della Rovere. I have had him killed. The Florentine people called her duchessina ("the little duchess"), in deference to her unrecognised claim to the Duchy of Urbino. She was crowned in the Basilica of Saint-Denis on 10 June 1549. At times he even felt well enough to dictate letters and listen to music. [88] Francis died of consumption in June 1584, after a disastrous intervention in the Low Countries during which his army had been massacred. Copyright 2023 | MH Magazine WordPress Theme by MH Themes. Nevertheless, the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, signed on 8 August 1570 because the royal army ran out of cash, conceded wider toleration to the Huguenots than ever before. Clarissa Delacroix (1539-1557) was the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici and the French noble Richard Delacroix. Her merciful Edict of Amboise (March 1560) was followed in May by that of Romorantin, which distinguished heresy from sedition, thereby detaching faith from allegiance. Charles had been largely brought up at the French Court and Claude probably knew him well. During the period 156468, Catherine was unable, for complex reasons, to withstand the cardinal Lorraine, statesman of the Guises, who largely provoked the second and third civil wars. She wrote to Bellivre, "Never have I seen myself in such trouble or with so little light by which to escape. Anyone who tells you differently is a liar. Inquisition was where he made his one and only cameo. Catherines dowry was considered too small and alliances between royalty and merchant families like the Medicis, however rich, were still unusual. The Protestants looked for leadership first to Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, the First Prince of the Blood, and then, with more success, to his brother, Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Cond, who backed a plot to overthrow the Guises by force. Nevertheless, the wedding did take place, at Nice in 1533. The investigators traced the house and horse to the Guises and claimed to have found evidence that the would-be killer was. [80], The slaughter in Paris lasted for almost a week. He noted that "each had shown valour in the joust". She was closely involved in the planning and supervising of all her architectural schemes. Catherine ended the first civil war in March 1563 by the Edict of Amboise, an attenuated version of the Edict of January. Subscribe to our free weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! From this time dates the legend of the wicked Italian queen. In early 1572, Joan Henrys mother and Queen regnant of Navarre arrived in France feeling ill and tired but determined to see the marriage negotiations through. Catherine appointed a mixed commission of moderates that devised two formulas of consummate ambiguity, by which they hoped to resolve the basic, Eucharist controversy. On 34 April 1559, Henry signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambrsis with the Holy Roman Empire and England, ending a long period of Italian Wars. In 1558, she was considered for Don Carlos, the eldest son of King Philip II of Spain. For a summary of the fluctuations in Catherine's historical reputation, see the preface to R. J. Knecht's. Claude was raised alongside her sister Elisabeth, the future Queen of Spain, and sister-in-law Queen Mary of Scotland. This she envisaged in terms of the marriage of her daughter Marguerite to the young Protestant leader, Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France), and alliance with England through the marriage of her son Henry, duc dAnjou, or, failing him, his younger brother Franois, duc dAlenon, to Queen Elizabeth. Monsieur de Guise is dead. Margaret, however, became almost as much of a thorn in Catherine's side as Francis, and in 1582, she returned to the French court without her husband. [104] Philip II of Spain prepared for an invasion of England. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Clarissa de Medici. [31] The surviving daughter, Victoire, died seven weeks later. [62] Taken unawares, the court fled to Paris in disarray. 500: Catherine de Medici The Mother of three Kings, 500: Catherine de Medici Patron of the arts and follower of the occult. The birth nearly cost Catherine her life. His dying words were "oh, my mother" The day before he died, he named Catherine regent, since his brother and heir, Henry the Duke of Anjou, was in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, where he had been elected king the year before. In 1570, Charles IX married Elisabeth of Austria, daughter of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor. Catherine de Medici was best known for being the queen consort of Henry II of France (154759) and regent of France. Within a month Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Cond, and Admiral Gaspard de Coligny had raised an army of 1,800. WebClarice di Piero de' Medici (14891528) [1] was the daughter of Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici and Alfonsina Orsini . In this cause, he recruited the great Catholic princes, nobles and prelates, signed the treaty of Joinville with Spain, and prepared to make war on the "heretics". She gave birth to ten children, of whom four sons and three daughters survived to marriageable age. A distinctive new art form, the ballet de cour, emerged from these creative advances. During his reign, Henry excluded Catherine from state affairs and instead showered favours on his chief mistress, Diane de Poitiers, who wielded much influence over him. [130] As the centrepiece of an ambitious new chapel, she commissioned a magnificent tomb for Henry at the basilica of Saint Denis. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. His interest in the tasks of government, however, proved fitful. On 11 April 1572, the wedding contract was signed, and Henry headed for France to be reunited with his mother and his new bride. Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, but evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters. Died in infancy. Jeanne d'Albret wrote to her son, Henry: "I am not free to talk with either the King or Madame, only the Queen Mother, who goads me [, Holt, 83. She retreated to her property at Agen and begged her mother for money. [2] In return, she was blamed for the persecutions carried out under her sons' rules, in particular the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, during which thousands of Huguenots were killed in France. Today marks the 500th anniversary of the day Catherine de' Medici (15191589) came into this world. This probably cooled the relationship between Margaret and her mother considerably. L'Estoile wrote: "those close to her believed that her life had been shortened by displeasure over her son's deed. In desperation, Catherine tried every known trick for getting pregnant, such as placing cow dung and ground stags' antlers on her "source of life", and drinking mule's urine. Catherine de' Medici (Italian: Caterina de' Medici, pronounced[katerina de mditi]; French: Catherine de Mdicis, pronounced[katin d medisis]; 13 April 1519 5 January 1589) was a Florentine noblewoman born into the Medici family. Born: April 13, 1519, in Florence, Italy. [75] A smoking arquebus was discovered in a window, but the culprit had made his escape from the rear of the building on a waiting horse. At the same moment, eight members of the Guise family were rounded up, including the Duke of Guise's brother, Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, who Henry's men hacked to death the next day in the palace dungeons. "[113] He added that she had no sooner died than she was treated with as much consideration as a dead goat. In fact, a large population of Italiansbankers, silk-weavers, philosophers, musicians, and artists, including Leonardo da Vincihad emigrated to France to promote the burgeoning Renaissance. Key Accomplishments: A powerful force during the reigns of three successive kings, Catherine played a major role in 16th-century politics. [20] Prince Henry danced and jousted for Catherine. Spouse: King Henry II. Catherine was one of his godparents and was overjoyed to see her daughter again. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. However, the death of her uncle Clement on 25 September 1534 undermined Catherine's standing in the French court. Catherine de' Medici married Henry, Duke of Orlans, the future Henry II of France, in Marseille on 28 October 1533. For the next two years Catherines policy was one of peace and general reconciliation. The surgery removed part of the birthmark, but left Clarissa greatly disfigured due to the use of potions.

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